Effect of Video Games Essay

A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The word videoin video game traditionally referred to cathode ray tube (CRT) display device, but it now implies any type of display device that can produce two or three dimensional images. The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles .These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while previously common, have gradually declined in use. Video games have gone on to become an art form and industry. The input device used to manipulate video games is called a game controller, and varies across platforms. For example, a controller might consist of only a button and a joystick, while another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. Early personal computer games often needed a keyboard for game play, or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. Many modern computer games allow or require the player to use a keyboard and a mouse simultaneously. A few of the most common game controllers are gamepads, mouse’s, keyboards, and joysticks. Video games typically use additional means of providing interactivity and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using sound reproduction devices, such as speakers and headphones. Other feedback may come via haptic peripherals, such as vibration or force feedback, with vibration sometimes used to simulate force feedback. In the early days of cartridge consoles, they were sometimes called TV games. Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a † Cathode ray tube Amusement Device† was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992. Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen. Other early examples include: * The NIMROD computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain * * OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC * in 1952 * Tennis for Two, an interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958 The term â€Å"platform† refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term â€Å"system† is also commonly used. In common use a â€Å"PC game† refers to a form of media that involves a player interacting with a IBM PC compatible personal computer connected to a video monitor. A â€Å"console game† is played on a specialized electronic device that connects to a common television setor composite video monitor. A â€Å"handheld† gaming device is a self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user’s hands. â€Å"Arcade game† generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special cabinet. These distinctions are not always clear and there may be games that bridge one or more platforms. In addition to personal computers, there are multiple other devices which have the ability to play games but are not dedicated video game machines, such as mobile phones, PDAs and graphing calculators. With the advent of social networking and other online applications hubs, the term â€Å"platform† started being used to refer to the online service within which the game is played, regardless of the actual hardware on which it is executed. A game’s platform could simply be â€Å"Facebook†, whether it is played on a Windows PC, Mac, Smart TV, or smartphone. Statement of the problem : 1.) What is the negative effects of video games to teenager? 2.) What is the positive effects of video games to teenager? 3.) Does game violence make teens aggressive? Scope and limitation Development in technology brings many things that people don’t have many years back. One of these things is online gaming that is provided by the internet. Online gaming is one of the widely used leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who are playing these online games said that they are playing these games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there are a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games, according to some research is beneficial. It enables the mind of the players to be more active , especially those puzzle-based games. It helps the player to come up with decisions in tight situations, especially those adventure games that keep the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing these types of games makes the player experienced different feelings because it is as if the player is really the one taking the challenges. Despite those benefits, playing these games also bring negative effects. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RELATED LITERATURE â€Å"Computer Gaming Effects to the Academic Performance among High school students† – The internet and online gaming industry has grown considerably over the past decade. As the advent of internet occurs, online gaming is undisputedly popular to the students and that online gaming has become high school students’ favorite leisure choice. Most of the High school students in these times are seen on internet sites and spending their money for them to be ready on their battle online. Because of this widespread, parents and educators are concerned about the doable effects on the academic performance among high school students. The most common question discusses about how it affects the academic performance of the gamer. Not surprisingly, gaming culture has become a polarizing force in our society, as well. â€Å"The Effects of Computer Games to the Academic Performance of Aims Students† – Computer addiction is a relatively new term used to describe a d ependency on one’s computer. Computer addiction is not limited to personal computers (PCs). It covers video games and the Internet and has already been given a label by psychologists, namely Internet addiction disorder (IAD). People can grow addicted to a variety of substances, and there is usually a substantial amount of help available to treat them. Alcohol, drugs and sex have all been known to bring out the addictive personality trait in some people, but other forms of addictive behavior, such as exercise, watching television or spending too much time on a computer, have only recently been recognized. Computer addiction, like any addiction, can creep up on a person without one being aware of it. Talk shows are full of people whose relationships have been torn apart by one partner’s computer addiction. Spending hours chatting online, surfing the web or playing computer games can cause relationships to deteriorate as other parts of a person’s life are neglected.

Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation

Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Adults today are the products of their individual histories and experiences, which influence their attitudes, thinking processes, and conceptualization of their worlds. John Mezirow believed that adults can be transformed from these experiences; however, the transformative learning involves critical self-reflection (Mezirow, 1990). Mezirow understood that adults can be transformed through a process of intertwining a disorientating dilemma followed by critical reflection and new interpretations of the experience.Mezirow’s process of perspective transformation is often illustrated as linear, additionally; Mezirow characterized ten phases starting with disorienting dilemma and ending with perspective transformation (Mezirow, 1990). Understanding the transformative learning and the disorientating dilemma helps adults appreciate and understand Mezirow’s theory of persp ective transformation. The start of my transformation begins with an experience. For example, an experience that I encountered was this past May after graduating from Immaculata University under-graduate program.My disorienting dilemmas begins with choosing the continuation of my education to pursue a Master’s Degree or begin the long and tedious process of job seeking and interviewing in a bleak economy. I believe that my decision is life altering and will only help me pursue a flourishing life. Evidence from Mezirow’s theory and the phases of transformative learning suggests that my dilemma falls under the first process of a disorienting dilemma (Anonymous, n. d. ). After graduation I had a few months to figure out a strategy and implement my plan.While exploring my options and figuring out a plan I became struck with fear, this fear came from the â€Å"unknown† of my future. To overcome my fear of the â€Å"unknown† I first self-examine who I am. I nee ded to get a better idea of who I am today and who I want to be tomorrow. After I made my decision to go back to school I began to talk more and more about graduate school with my family and close friends. Once the discussion of me going back to school began, I started to hear about other’s pursuing a graduate degree all around me.For example I play basketball locally in two different leagues. Most of the teams are composed of collage or recently graduated students. After I told my friends in the basketball leagues about my plans of going back to school a few of them also stated that they were applying or already enrolled for graduate school. Hearing other’s committing to furthering their education and the process of enrolling helped calm the fear I had deep inside. Further reassurance was added that others also shared in common the same transformation that I was tackling.This shared transformation between friends falls under Mezirow fourth phase (Anonymous, n. d. ) On ce I overcame my fear of the â€Å"unknown† I started to initiate my plan of action which falls under the sixth stage of Mezirow’s theory (Anonymous, n. d. ). My plan started with looking at local schools in the area with either an MBA or MA program in Marketing or Leadership studies. I looked at a few specific schools such as West Chester, Widener, and Immaculata University’s.After researching these schools I applied to them and waited to hear back for good news. Unfortunately I did not get into my first choice of Widener because I was 70 points short of the requirement for my g-mat score. However, I did get accepted into West Chester and Immaculata. After I had gotten accepted into graduate school I felt a sigh of relief that I had accomplished my goal of starting the new path to further my education. When I entered into graduate school this was a completely new experience as well as a new role for myself.I wanted to build up my self-confidence in my new roles and environment to reach my upmost potential. Building up my self-confidence was tough at first but I began to slowly overcome this from the support of my family, classmates, and professors. Progress was slow at first because of the â€Å"unknown† that I was dealing with in a new program and environment. Once I got over my first road bump I really started to take off with self-confidence which falls under Mezirow’s ninth phase (Anonymous, n. d. ).The last phase of Mezirow’s theory is the action of the final component of the transformative learning process (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). When I was dealt with my disorientating dilemma I took a delayed action to retort my options and plan. After reality set in that now is the time to make my transformation this was the end of a new beginning. My action to follow through with my choice to further my education is based off of my new found perspective from my disorientating dilemma and Mezirow’s ten phases of transformational learning.Reference: Merriam, S. B. , Caffarella, R. S. , & Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3. ed. ). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. Mezirow, J. (1990). A guide to transformational and emancipatory pratice. PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning, 7, 1-14. Retrieved February 14, 2011, from http://www. iup. edu/assets/0/347/349/4951/4977/10251/AF0EAB12-C2CE-4D2C-B1A0-59B795415437. pdf Anonymous. (n. d. ) Transformational theory.

General Education Essay

AUB is committed to offering its students a broad undergraduate liberal arts education that enables them to acquire the analytical skills and habits of life-long learning that they will need to compete successfully in the twenty-first century. The General Education distribution requirements are intended to expose students to a range of intellectual experiences during their time at AUB. We want to give our students the opportunity to make choices and to question and test what they believe are their career goals and their intellectual interests. In addition to courses in their academic majors and the opportunity to take minor concentrations in specific fields, all AUB students must take a minimum of 33-36 credits of general education requirements distributed in the following fields: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 3-6 credits in English Communication Skills through English 204 (English 206 in FEA). 3 credits in Arabic Communication Skills (except those formally exempted) 6 credits in Natural Science. 12 credits in Humanities. 6 credits in Social Science. 3 credits in Quantitative Thought. We believe that a student who has chosen to follow a course of study at AUB leading to a degree in a professional field such as engineering should be exposed to the humanities and social sciences. By the same token, a student who plans to major in history should have the opportunity to take science courses and to work in a lab. While being exposed to various fields of knowledge, we also want our students to have the opportunity to experience different modes of learning (lectures, seminars, labs, and independent research projects). Different modes of analysis are designed to enhance students’ verbal and interactive skills (seminars), writing and analytic skills (research projects), and hands-on experimental skills (laboratories). These distribution requirements may be met by either required or elective courses. Humanities and Social Sciences courses are divided into two lists: List I and List II within each domain. Students are required to select their courses as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Two Humanities courses from Humanity List I. (FAS Students are required to select CVSP courses) Two Humanities courses from either Humanities lists I and II. One Social Science course from Social Sciences List I. One Social Science course from either Social Sciences lists. 1 In addition, No more than two courses from the student’s major may fulfill the Humanities requirement, no more than one course from the student’s major may fulfill the Social Science requirement, and no more than one course from the student’s major may fulfill the Natural Science requirement. Students who are exempted from Arabic are required to take a Humanity or a Language course instead, unless their Faculty requires otherwise. Students who cannot fulfill the Arabic Communications Skills requirement will be asked to sit for an Arabic Placement Test. According to the result, they may take ARAB201A in replacement to the Arabic Communications Skills requirement. FAS requires that a minimum of six credits in Humanities must be taken from CVSP courses 201-208. FAS Students must complete one course from each of the two CVSP sequences; that is, one course from Sequence I followed by one course from Sequence II. The list of approved General Education courses will be updated regularly on the Registrar’s Office website. Arabic Communication Skills Courses: ARAB 201A, ARAB 201B, ARAB211, ARAB212, ARAB 221, ARAB225, ARAB 227, ARAB 228, ARAB 229, ARAB230, ARAB 231, ARAB232, ARAB234, ARAB235, ARAB236, ARAB 237, ARAB238, ARAB 243, ARAB 245, ARAB 246, ARAB249, ARAB 251J, ARAB252C, ARAB290. English Communication Skills Courses ENGL 203, ENGL 204, ENGL 206, ENGL 208 Humanities List I: AMST : AMST 215, AMST 230, AMST 240, AMST 275L, AMST 275F, AMST 275M, AMST 275N, AMST 275O, AMST 275R, AMST 275S, AMST276J, AMST276K, AMST276L, AMST276M, AMST276P ARAB 201B, ARAB 230, ARAB 232, ARAB 233, ARAB 234, ARAB 235, ARAB 238, ARAB 239, ARAB 240, ARAB 243, ARAB 247, ARAB 251 ARCH 121, ARCH 122, ARCH 223, ARCH 224 AROL 201, AROL 212, AROL 214, AROL 217, AROL 219, AROL 222, AROL 225, AROL 226, AROL 231, AROL 235I, AROL 235J, AROL235K ARAB : ARCH : AROL : 2 CVSP Sequence I : CVSP 201, CVSP 202, CVSP 205,CVSP 207A, CVSP 207C, CVSP207E, CVSP 207H, CVSP 207R,CVSP207I, CVSP295L CVSP Sequence II: CVSP 203, CVSP 204, CVSP206, CVSP 208C, CVSP 208D, CVSP 208F, CVSP 208G, CVSP 208H, CVSP 208J, CVSP208K, CVSP208L CVSP: CVSP 212, CVSP 215, CVSP 216, CVSP 217, CVSP 250, CVSP251, CVSP295O ENGL: ENGL 201, ENGL 207, ENGL210, ENGL 216, ENGL 217, ENGL219, ENGL 221,ENGL 224, ENGL 225, ENGL226, ENGL 227, ENGL 236, ENGL240, ENGL 244D, ENGL 242 , ENGL 243, ENGL 244H, ENGL 244I, ENGL 246, ENGL 249, ENGL 251 FAAH: FAAH 227A, FAAH 227B, FAAH 227C,FAAH 228A, FAAH 229A, FAAH229B, FAAH 229C, FAAH229E , FAAH238, FAAH 232, FAAH 247, FAAH 265, FAAH/TH270 HIST: HIST 201, HIST202, HIST214, HIST 212, HIST 217, HIST 218, HIST 220, HIST220B, HIST 225, HIST 226, HIST 227, HIST 234, HIST 237, HIST 238, HIST 245, HIST 251, HIST 257, HIST 258AE, HIST 258AG, HIST258AH, HIST 258AI, HIST 258AJ, HIST 258AK, HIST 258B, HIST 259, HIST262 PHIL: PHIL 201, PHIL 205, PHIL 210, PHIL 213,PHIL214, PHIL217, PHIL 218, PHIL 222, PHIL 223, PHIL 230, PHIL 231, PHIL 232, PHIL 249, PHIL 252F, PHIL 256B. OTHERS: LDEM201, PSPA 210, SOAN207/ MCOM 202, MCOM280, SOAN225, SOAN 238A/ MCOM 291 List II: AMST : ARAB : AROL : ENGL: FAAH: HIST: PHIL: OTHERS: AMST240, AMST 276I, AMST276N AMST276O, AMST275P, AMST275T, AMST275U,AMST276Q ARAB 216,ARAB 231,ARAB 236,ARAB 246, ARAB290 AROL 211, AROL 213, AROL 215, AROL 216, AROL 223, AROL 224, AROL 235F, AROL 235L ENGL 205, ENGL 211, ENGL 212, ENGL 213, ENGL 214, ENGL 215, ENGL 218, ENGL 222, ENGL 223, ENGL 229, ENGL 233, ENGL 237, ENGL239, ENGL241, ENGL 244S, ENGL 248A, ENGL 250, ENGL 252 , ENGL 253. FAAH229D, FAAH 235, FAAH 240, FAAH 241, FAAH 244, FAAH 245,  FAAH 261, FAAH262, FAAH265. HIST258AD, HIST258AM, HIST 260,HIST261 PHIL 206, PHIL 209, PHIL216, PHIL 221, PHIL 251, PHIL251D, PHIL252G, PHIL256C, PHIL257B, PHIL 260, PHIL 260G, PHIL 260E, PHIL 260F, PHIL 262C, PHIL310, PHIL312/3 BUSS 215, EDUC 228, EDUC 229, EDUC 290C, ENGM504, LDEM260,MCOM204, PSPA 216, PSPA 217, SOAN215, SOAN217, SOAN243E. Social Sciences 3 List I: ECON: EDUC: PSPA: PSYC: SOAN: OTHERS: ECON 211, ECON 212, ECON 217 EDUC 215, EDUC 223,EDUC290K PSPA 202, PSPA212, PSPA218, PSPA222, PSPA 238 PSYC 202 SOAN 201, SOAN 203, SOAN 204/ MCOM 201, SOAN 205/ MCOM 203, SOAN 206/ MCOM 240, SOAN 210, SOAN213, SOAN221, SOAN 227,SOAN 228/ MCOM 220, SOAN 229/ MCOM 221, SOAN 230 MCOM 250, SOAN 231/ MCOM 251, SOAN 233/ MCOM 260, SOAN 236/ MCOM 241, MCOM242, MCOM252, SOAN 240, SOAN 241, SOAN 243/ MCOM 261, MCOM281, SOAN 290I, SOAN 290L ARCH 331, AGSC 212, AGSC 213, GRDS231, HBED/HPCH200, HBED/HPCH 201, MNGT 215, ENGL 230, ENGL235. List II: ECON: EDUC: PSPA: SOAN: OTHERS: ECON 203 EDUC 211, EDUC 218, EDUC 230 PSPA 201, PSPA 213, PSPA 221 SOAN 207/ MCOM 202, SOAN 232, SOAN 234/ MCOM 230, SOAN 235/ MCOM 231, SOAN 242, SOAN 245, SOAN 290/ MCOM 290. ENGL 247, HBED/HPCH 203, HMPD 204, HMPD 251. Natural Sciences BIOL: CHEM: GEOL: PHYS: OTHERS: BIOL 200, BIOL 201, BIOL 209, BIOL 210, BIOL 290EE CHEM 200, CHEM 201, CHEM 202, CHEM 204, CHEM 205, CHEM 207, CHEM 208, CHEM 209 GEOL 201, GEOL 205 PHYS 200, PHYS 204, PHYS 205, PHYS 210, PHYS  211, PHYS 212 ARCH151,AGSC203,AGSC204, AVSC 220, AVSC 224, AVSC281, BIOC 246, ENHL 220, LDEM 217, PHYL246. Quantitative Thought CMPS: MATH: OTHERS: CMPS 200, CMPS 206, CMPS 209 MATH 201, MATH 203, MATH 204, MATH 211, MATH 218 EECE 230, EPHD 203, EPHD 213, NURS 203, PHIL 211, PHIL220, STAT201, STAT210, EDUC271, PHIL256.

Epidemiology Hepatitis B in Philadelphia, PA Essay

Epidemiology Hepatitis B in Philadelphia, PA - Essay Example Still there are chances that she had ovarian cancer. This implies that acolposcopy tests needs to be administered. According to Omansky (2010), this test is preferred for in abdominal Pap smear. Notwithstanding the cancer history and that of other family, the two tests administered, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, are sufficient since she comes from a family where there are high chances of contracting breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Neil (2011) is of the opinion that a large number of women-more than 1%-are at a higher risk of developing either breast cancer or ovarian cancer. These statistics further shows that 39% of those who inherit the harmful BRCA 1 gene and 17% who inherit the BRCA 2 mutation will develop ovarian cancer at some point. This means that if Shelby takes the, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, her vulnerability of developing either breast or ovarian cancer will be mitigated. It is also notable that Shelby’s uncle died of a proven case of pancreatic cancer. As such, Shelby could also be at risk of developing similar complications. For this case, I would recommend the normal screening to be conducted on the patient. Darity (2008) recommends that when analyzing cases of patients with predispositions of a particular cancer, the case should be taken as a matter of a confirmed case so as to take serious preventive measures. KANDIKO, and BLACKMORE (2012) supports this sentiment by declaring that diabetic patients and healthy individuals with first-degree pancreas cancer relatives are at a higher risk of developing pancreatic

Benchmark Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benchmark - Research Paper Example The company began in the early 80s with only a single line specializing in office systems. Currently, the company has tremendously grown to offer a wide variety of different decking systems and freestanding systems and panel based altos and optos architectural demountable wall products (Teknion, 2011). The company through this strategic expansion managed to improve its marketing segment drastically and expanding its production lines to meet demands of the new markets in furniture products. For example, the company has handled numerous projects in different countries. These include the Barnes Jewish Hospital, Agilent technologies in Israel among other numerous global projects that the company has successfully implemented. This global expansion helped the company in expanding its production lines, improving its design work to meet the current customer demand in a highly competitive market, and coming up with designs and technologies that are in accordance with the advocacy of the day. An example is the embracing of green technologies that are environmentally friendly. As the company expanded to international markets, there were more demands in different markets to have products in accordance with certain environmental specifications, motivating the company to initiate massive design and innovative works to correspond to such market demands. Therefore, from producing a single line of furniture for the domestic market, international expansion helped Teknion in providing much advanced office furniture and other high end furniture to clients in different market segments. Teknion’s expansion to international market did not comprise its domestic market share, but instead the domestic market became much stronger as new international designs previously not made for the domestic market were available to the domestic customers, offering them a large variety of designs with international tastes. The company was in fact named among the top 50 best managed Private Comp anies, with its presence not only growing domestically, but also regionally (Anonymous, 2010). International expansion led to an enhanced image of the company and its products; the company was more involved in international tendering processes, such as in interior and exterior design of the Bow, a 58 story tower near the Bow River in Calgary (Anonymous, 2010). It is such manifested prowess in interior design and furnishes that has enabled the company to control not only the domestic, but also the regional market; meaning its international expansion was a real benefit to the company. Teknion is faced with several risks in its international market operations. Sargent (2011) explains some of these risks as increase competition. The company is faced with stiff competition from much larger multinationals especially from U.S, North America, and other regions. The stiff competition requires strategic operations in realigning with the market demands to offer much superior and competitive pr oducts at a price that will offer much more value addition to customers. The company through design and innovations in office furniture work has been able to compete effectively and capture its sizeable market segment in the international market. In order to ensure a competitive edge in the market, the company has collaborated with renowned construction industry leaders such as Mathews Southwest developments, Ledcor Group of Companies, Gensler among others, making the company’

Business Intelligence in the Company's Management Practices Essay - 1

Business Intelligence in the Company's Management Practices - Essay Example Whole Foods Market depends on organizational structure to ensure performance that would impact employees and customers.   Since January 2001 Whole Food Market has experienced an increase in sales, profits, and stock prices.   The success of the company has flourished from the hard work of team members and strong leadership throughout the company.  Ã‚  Whole Foods Market depends on organizational structure to ensure performance that would impact employees and customers.   Since January 2001 Whole Food Market has experienced an increase in sales, profits, and stock prices.   The success of the company has flourished from the hard work of team members and strong leadership throughout the company.  Ã‚   The Executive Team, also known as the E-Team, consists of the Ceo, Co-Ceo, Company President, Vice President of Growth and Development and the Financial Officer.   These five leaders work together to improve the company’s performance and production through decision ma king.   Unlike many companies, Whole Foods’ E-team discusses and debates their ideas until they all come together in agreement as a team.   In doing so, they are able to provide the company, customers and team members with the proper attention and performance needed. Co-CEO Walter Robb and Company President A.C. Gallo, are responsible for operating the company’s marketing process, purchasing products from suppliers and vendors, and distributing products to all twelve regions.     These twelve regions include the United Kingdom, Southern Pacific, Northern California, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southwest, Midwest, South, Florida Northeast, Mid Atlantic and North Atlantic.   Within these regions, there are over three hundred stores, five commissaries, nine distribution centers and over fifty-four thousand team members.     Robb and Gallo’s goal and commitment are to purchase and distribute from local vendor and suppliers quality products that will attract customers to shop at local Whole Foods stores.   When customers are satisfied with products this makes an impact on the company which in turn produces growth, productivity and prosperity. As the years continue to move forward, E-team will keep working together as a collaborative leadership team to influence and lead Whole Foods Market into remarkable growth and success.   Because of its well-developed structure, Whole Foods Market will continue to make a great impact on customers, employees and suppliers.

Scientific Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Scientific Management - Essay Example Anukul Designs is a company that has been in the business of manufacturing exclusive patchwork linen, for the last 20 years. The assembly line followed in this company will be tested during this experiment. This experiment has been carried out to prove the following conclusion: In the Recruitment stage, the applications are invited for positions like tailors, cutting experts, tacking experts, finishing experts and finally, supervisors. There is a need for 24 tailors, 8 cutting experts, 12 tacking and quilting experts, 12 finishing experts, and 4 supervisors to oversee these four activities. In the Selection stage, there are interviews and practical tests to find which applicant is best suited for which job in the operational activities. Also, they are questioned regarding their leadership abilities so as to find four supervisors who also know enough about the job. This brings us to the final phase known as Functional Study. By working in a group, the supervisors held meetings with each other at the end of the day. This brought about better communication and synchronization of activities. Also, they got a chance to discuss any strengths and weaknesses so as to garner second and third opinions on tacking and taking advantage of the same. This led to standardization of activities along the lines of a set formula. This formula involved the following: The work culture has to be one where there is constant reinvention and innovation. This can be brought about by allotting responsibility to a new man every day. Detailed reporting helps in the psychological molding of the men. This was an important area which the supervisors focused upon. The best use of men came from keeping them at the machines for the longest time. There was an increased use of ramps and pulleys for the transportation of material. Also, there was a consensus among the supervisors that the material handling capacity must be

National Labour Relations Act Research Proposal

National Labour Relations Act - Research Proposal Example The entire issue of trade unions among employees in civilised states especially in United States of America has raised endless debate among professionals and other critical thinkers and scholars. Despite discussing on the role and the significant of trade unions among employees, scholars have as well researches on the factors that led to the formation and development of trade unions in United States of America and other developed and developing countries. The subsequent essay will therefore explore and analyse on the importance of trade unions in United States of America and other developed countries. The essay will as well provide a comprehensive research proposal that will seek to train employees and employers on the content the national labour relations act The labour unions are often recognised organisations and movements that are comprised of workers hailing from single industry, employed by a particular business and performing a single job to a specific profit making and non-pr ofit making organization. Some of these unions are instrumental in granting employees a bargaining power to negotiate and agree on better and favourable terms and conditions of employment and remuneration. Compared to individual negotiation between an employee and employer, trade unions give employees and lower class organisation workers more agitation power and influence over their employers. The issue of forming, managing, and joining trade unions in United States have raised continuous debates among stakeholders from varying professional background Problem Statement It is the right of employees to become affiliates and active members of specific trade unions to voice their concerns, grievances, and front their interest and demands to their employees. Similarly, NLRA prohibits employers and managers from either suspending or dismissing their workers because of joining trade unions or because workers have engaged in trade unions strikes and demonstrations. During the epoch of the e conomic depression in United States of America, employers could recruit workers easily while employees found it difficult and challenging to secure another employment. Most workers were as a result less attentive and less interested in forming and in participating in unions’ strikes resulting to less than 10% of people becoming trade unions members by 1933. On the other hand, the NLRA provided the workers the rights and power of becoming members of trade unions thus enabling them to have a collective bargaining power with their bosses through preferred unions’ representatives. As a result, the United States of America constitution and the NLRA Act protected workers from exploitation or mistreatment by their employers. The introduction of NLRA therefore resulted in tremendous growth and development of trade unions membership in America and other developed countries such as United Kingdom (Sloane & Witney, 2010). Literature Review The NLRA Act offers and guarantee worker s protection and right to form, join, and become members of labour unions in order to collectively bargain on matters regarding their working hours, wages, as well as working conditions. Trade unions as well offers avenue for negotiation and interaction between employers and employees. NLRA further prohibits employers from taking punitive and strick actions or measures against employees who wish to become and participate

Marketing Planning on Portakabin Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing Planning on Portakabin - Assignment Example Currently, it is employing more than thousands of people and expanding its operations in European countries. Although construction industry relies on the same traditional methods of first designing building architecture and then moving ahead with the project; Portakabin changed the entire industry by introducing innovative products in the market. The management of company realized that it will have to apply Piercy (2010) going to market concept which states that everyone within the firm will have to work together to achieve the desired goals. The key elements of this concept are represented in the figure: Source: Piercy (2010) The company’s market has definitely changed in the last couple of years as it is focussing on providing quality products to their consumers by the implementation of finest production methods. Portakabin has applied the lean production process which ensures that procedural steps creating wastage are eliminated from the processes (The Times 100, 2010). The basis of a building is prepared on-site while actual structure is manufactured and fitted in factory; the module of the customer is taken to site, craned into desired position and then linked together. Other architectural features like brick cladding on building’s exterior side, glazing, pitched roof, stair tower and lifts are added on-site; any other modifications required by customers are done on-site so that customers’ are satisfied. Portakabin has positioned itself as a company that is offering quality products at premium prices that reflects high value for money. Portakabin has changed its focus on quality development of products so that every customer is satisfied with services provided to them (The Times 100, 2003). In order to have superior quality, there are two sources important for every business i.e. internal and external. For internal quality insurance, it has developed its own range of buildings on the basis of market research and aim of this frequent re search is to identify precise needs of customers. Similarly, strong emphasis is done on offering value added features such as fitted furnishings, quality carpeting and climate control systems so that high quality working environment is created; customers are provided the opportunity of availing one stop shop service. In order to meet external quality level, all of its products ensure compliance with appropriate regulations of building along with demands of ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems. Hence, Portakabin has ensured that going to market concept is properly applied throughout the organisation to meet needs and demands of consumers. Question No. 2a Examine the factors that would determine Portakabin’s ability to plan its future marketing activity effectively. What does Portakabin need to understand and control in order to plan effectively and measure the effectives of its activity? Answer No. 2a In UK construction industry, Portakabin is the market leader as it manufactu res modular buildings with superior quality. It has been delivering products and services that have been tailored to meet each customer’s requirements. In order to provide top quality services to customers, Portakabin has implemented some crucial processes as follows: 1. Continuous research and development for developing new product solutions and providing value-added solutions

Process Managemant Facilitated the more Widespread Implementation of Essay

Process Managemant Facilitated the more Widespread Implementation of Information Systems within Business - Essay Example Today, process management more and more relies on a considerable extent on achieving success through the development of new IS. Process management facilitated implementation of IS within business to ensure that the processes generated by such developments is spread around the business as widely as possible to those who might put it to good use. The research paper is aimed to investigate the main driven theories, values and assumptions that are shaping a usage of IS in process management from 1990s to present, and examine the influence of process management on the degree of IS implementation within business. "Process management is the ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a process, especially in the sense of business process, often confused with reengineering. Process Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques and systems to define, visualize, measure, control, report and improve processes with the goal to meet customers requirements profitably" (Wikipedia, 2005). Recent years process management implement Information Systems in order to improve quality of the processes and speed. With the changing economic environment, factors such as globalization of markets, international economic integration, removal of barriers to business and trade and increased competition have enhanced the need of high standards in process management. ... e in making or breaking the competitive positioning, and recent development in information technologies and software opens new opportunities for global organizations. Technology may be central to companies adopting a global strategy. "Information systems can be defined as" a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information systems may also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products" (Boar, 1994). From process management perspective, an information system is an organizational and management solution, based on information technology, to a challenge posed by the environment. Examine this definition closely because it emphasizes the organizational and management nature of information systems: To understand information systems-to be information systems literate as opposed to computer literate-a manager must understand the broader organization, management, and information technology dimensions of systems and their power to provide solutions to challenges and problems in the business environment. With the development of technology and software in particular, IS allows to solve a wider range of problems and tasks by means of computers. In this case, process management software developed at the middle of 1990s helps to connect people in global organization who operate in a distance, and has no opportunity to use printed matters or other sources. That is why it has become an important area for process managers, who are in a strong position to exert influence in this aspect of people management. The popularity of Information Systems in process

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example The study of organizational behavior is extremely important as it plays a major role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness level of employees. Interpersonal skills for managers For managers in organizations, it is extremely vital that they develop strong interpersonal skills. Good interpersonal skills of managers may allow them to lead their employees in a better way and also effectively deal with the organizational related matters. Managers are to make decisions effectively and also have to assign the right task to the right employee. The work to be handled properly in an organization is the responsibility of the manager (Robbins and Judge, 2009). Managers need to develop good communication skills so that they can clearly get their message across the entire organization and all the subordinates that are working under the organization. Management Functions The management functions in an organization are planning, controlling, leading and organizing. The managers have to pla n the work activities and set goals for each task so that the employees perform the work accordingly. While planning, managers have to ensure all activities are coordinated. The planning stage of the organization is one of the most critical stages as managers need to understand the entire situation and then plan the schedule of the work processes accordingly. In the leading function, managers have to direct the employees towards the right path of performing work and also work on resolving conflicts for the employees. The leading stage for managers is highly important as well as employees need to be guided towards the right direction at all times without any problems so that they perform their work accordingly. The controlling function focuses on comparing the set goals with those that have been achieved and monitor constantly that all tasks are being completed on time (Robbins and Judge, 2009). Controlling of employees is needed by managers at all times. s Henry Mintzberg’s M anagerial Roles There are many theorists that have suggested theories related to organizational behavior. Henry Mintzberg has defined the managerial roles in an organization that is categorized under three headings. They are the interpersonal roles, the informational roles and the decisional roles. Under the Interpersonal roles category, the managers have to possess the figurehead, leader and liaison characteristics to successfully perform this role. Managers need to possess all the skills to deal with unexpected situations and also with difficult employees (Robbins and Judge, 2009). In the informational roles category, the manager performs the activities of monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. Managers need to ensure that they are in total control of the activities that are under their supervision. They need to have complete knowledge about the work and be in a strong position to guide their employees accordingly as and when required. In the decisional roles category, the manag er has to perform the roles of entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. Managers need to possess conflict handling abilities as conflicts and stress related situations tend to be a common issue in all organizations. Employees may lose their patience at times and may spoil the work processes. Managers need to be good negotiators and strong leaders to handle all types of behavior and attitudes of employees (Robbins and Judge, 2009). Katz’s Essential Management Skills Katz essential management skills state that managers should have the technical skills, the human skills and the conceptual skills. In technical skills,

Group interactions Essay Example for Free

Group interactions Essay My tone and pitch was appropriated I did not shout at my client as this would make her angry or even intimidating to talk to me so I kept it at a level that she could hear me clearly. I did not used any slangs and jargon because my client may not of understand what I was say so she will be confused not only just my clients but others within the group also the only time it is appropriate for me to use slang is when I am talking with my friends. I used appropriate pace I did not talk to fast because people may not of heard clearly what I was saying. In order to get my point across I talk slowly and clearly to that my point could be heard. Gestures- I used appropriate gestures for the other to understand what I was trying to say. Adapted the used of Egan theory of SOLER which stands for Squarely, Open, Lean, Eye contact, Relaxed. I lean forward to show that I was interested in what she was saying I kept my contact and I also faced her squarely. had to listen to what she was saying so that I can summarize. my facial expression was welcoming I smiled at her to make her feel safe and felt I feeling of love and belonging according to Maslow hierarchy of needs I kept my eye contact on the person that was talking to show that I was listening.  As I was a group interaction I gave other people time to talk I did not talk over any body voice.  In my group interaction with my client I appeared to be interested and kept good facial expressions. One 2 one When talking to the child I used the correct tone I did not shout or this would make him angry to I get calmed I also talked slowly and clearly to he can hear what I was saying. I kept good eye contact with the child I listen to what he was saying and I ask him some open question so that he can express himself. I did not stand over him when I was talking or he may feel intimidating. I kept good facial expression mostly my smiling at him. I did not use any slangs or jargon just simple words that he may understand. I also incorporated Maslow by showing love, belonging and safety. I showed hid that he can come and talked to me without by afraid. I played with him nicely and made in happy so that he would know that he is in a safe environment. Care value base  I did not shout at the person as they have the right to be treated with respect.. I tried to empower them to make their own decision I done this my asking the seven year old boy what he would like to do. I did not pass any racism comment or else I would be discriminating against their diversity being race religion culture etc. I also gave them the rights to their own beliefs I did not slag them off but I gave them the chance to explain themselves. I maintained confidentiality as this builds trust I done this by not passing important information about the clients to others and also it would breach the data protection acct Whittington hospital  Scenario: a white man came into hospital with a broken arm he sat in the AE for at least an hour waiting for a doctor. An Asian boy was rushed into AE by his parent he was suspected of meningitis and he was seen first. Whittington hospital accidents and emergency department are usually busy they try to see all patients within four hours of arrival in the emergency department. However, waiting times can change suddenly if a seriously ill or severely injured person is brought in. If you attend with a problem that does not require emergency treatment, you may wait longer than those who are more seriously unwell.This is not being racism the hospital prioritized their patients on their conditions. Even though the men has a right to be seen by the doctor so does every body else that goes into hospital. This is known as positive discrimination. Whittington hospital is bound by race relation act 2000 which gives all public authorities including the NHS a general duty to promote race equality. They do this by looking at the illness of the person and not the race. Social worker  Scenario: a neighbor is suspected something is wrong with he child next door due to the constant crying and then phone social services.  The social worker is bound by confidentiality so it would be wrong if the social worker was to disclose information about who made the call on they would be breaching confidentiality and also my doing that it may causes an argument. Social workers are bounded by the codes of practice. The codes of practice are the first statutory codes of practice for social care workers and their employers. They provide a clear guide for all those who work in social care, setting out the standards of conduct workers and their employers should meet.

The structure and organization of the human body

The structure and organization of the human body Unit 3 The Structure, Function and Organisation of The Human Body Outcome 1 Handout UNIT 3: THE STRUCTURE, ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY OUTCOME 1 The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. It is usually a microscopic structure containing nuclear and cytoplasmic material enclosed by a semi-permeable membrane. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular(consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. Comparison of structures between animal and plant cells Typical animal cell Typical plant cell Organelles Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Lysosomes Centrosome Centrioles Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus (dictiosomes) Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vacuoles Cell wall ORGANELLES Nucleus- Controls the cell. It consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm. Nucleolus- are non-membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein. found in the nucleus. Instructions in DNA are copied here. It works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein. Chromosomes- Determines what traits a living thing will have, passes information from parent to offspring. Cell Membrane- same as unit membrane. Gives the cell shape, holds the cytoplasm, and controls what moves into and out of the cell. acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) interlocking surfaces bind cells together. Cytoplasm- Jellylike material (cytosol and organelles), most of the cells chemical reactions take place there, and made up of mostly water and some chemicals. Vacuoles- Liquid-filled, may store food, water, minerals, or wastes. There maybe more than one. In plants it takes up a lot of space, produce turgor pressure against cell wall for support. Mitochondria- Produce energy when food is broken down, often called the powerhouse of the cell. Its structure is composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid). Its inner membrane infolded to form cristae. It is the site of cellular respiration i.e. the release of chemical energy from food Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) Ribosomes- Where proteins are made, and often connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. A cell may have as many as 500,000. They are non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes. They are the site of protein synthesis. Endoplasmic Reticulum- The transportation system in the cell, connects the nuclear membrane with the cell membrane. Used in detoxification of the cell. ER. Forms a tubular network throughout the cell. Provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis. Centrioles- Found only in animal cells, is used in cell reproduction to help the chromosomes arrange before cell division. They are nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole. Two centrioles form one centrosome. They form spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell division. Golgi apparatus(bodies)- Stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae) vesicles pinch off the edges. Modifies chemicals to make them functional. Secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles. Stores chemicals. May produce endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes- digests food particles with enzymes, pinched of pieces of golgi apparatus. Are membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes. Are hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst) i.e. using water to split chemical bonds. They break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond. Cell Wall- Found only in plant cells. Forms a thick outer covering outside the cell membrane, gives the plant support and shape. Is a non-living secretion of the cell membrane, composed of cellulose. They are cellulose fibrils deposited in alternating layers for strength. Cell wall contains pits (openings) that make it totally permeable. It provides protection from physical injury and together with vacuole, provides skeletal support. Chloroplasts- Found only in plant cells. Found in the cytoplasm of green plant cells, contain chlorophyll, traps the energy from light, and is where photosynthesis takes place. It is composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein,chlorophyll, lipid). The inner membrane invaginates to form layers called grana (sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated. It is the site of photosynthesis chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen radiant energy (food). TISSUE There are many different types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function well on there own, they are part of the larger organism that is called you. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organsare then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Cells group together in the body to form tissues a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. 1. Epithelial Tissue- The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the bodys organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the bodys organs. 2. Connective Tissue- There are many types of connective tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. 3. Muscle Tissue- Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body. 4. Nerve Tissue- Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body. ORGANS Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. In addition to providing support for the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you goosebumps when you get cold or frightened. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin and provide protection from cold temperatures. Nervous tissue: is one of four major classes of vertebrate tissue. Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system-the brain, spinal cord, and nerves-which regulates and controls body functions. It is composed of neurones, which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia, which assist propagation of the nerveimpulse as well as provide nutrientsto the neuron. Every time you get pinched, part of your nerve tissue is damaged. Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells that come in many varieties, all of which are distinctly characteristic by the axon or long stem like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, controls of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity. All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of specialized nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit impulses very rapidly. A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibres (neurons) bound together by connective tissue. A sheath of dense connective tissue, the epineurium surrounds the nerve. This sheath penetrates the nerve to form the perineurium which surrounds bundles of nerve fibres. Blood vessels of various sizes can be seen in the epineurium. The endoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibres. The cell body is enclosed by a cell (plasma) membrane and has a central nucleus. Granules called Nissl bodies are found in the cytoplasm of the cell body. Within the cell body, extremely fine neurofibrils extend from the dendrites into the axon. The axon is surrounded by the myelin sheath, which forms a whitish, non-cellular, fatty layer around the axon. Outside the myelin sheath is a cellular layer called the neurilemma or sheath of Schwann cells. The myelin sheath together with the neurilemma is also known as the medullary sheath. This medullary sheath is interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier. Neuronal Communication Nerve cells are functionally made to each other at a junction known as a synapse, where the terminal branches of an axon and the dendrites of another neuron lie in close proximity to each other but normally without direct contact. Information is transmitted across the gap by chemical secretions called neurotransmitters. It causes activation in the post-synaptic cell. All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli.

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay In this project I will talk about starting of history of the algebra which is one of most important branches of arithmetic and Founder of the algebra and meaning of algebra and its benefit of our daily life, how we can learn and teach best way. History of algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. although inventor is Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad Musa al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi , who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala (algebra equations opposite) ,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the v erb  jabara,   to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians.1 Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. mmmmmmmm Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it. 1. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. Algebra  is  an Arabic word  and  a branch  of  mathematics  and  its name  came from  the book  world of  mathematics, astronomy and  traveller  Muhammad ibn Musa  Khurazmi  (short book,  in the calculation of  algebra  and  interview)  which was submitted  by the  governing  algebraic  operations  to find solutions  to  linear and  quadratic  equations. The  algebra  is three branches of  basic  math  in addition to  geometry  and mathematical analysis  and the  theory of  numbers  and  permutations  and combinations.  And takes care of  this  science  to study  algebraic  structures  and symmetries, including, relations  and  quantities. And  algebra  is the  concept of  a broader  and more comprehensive  account  of the  primary  or  reparation.  It  does not  deal  with  numbers, but also  formulate dealings  with  symbols, variables and  categories  as well.  And  formulate Alibdehyat  algebra  and  relations  by which  can  represent any  phenomenon  in the universe.  So  is one of the  fundamentals  governing the  methods  of proof The Start of Algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi (Hovarezmi), who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the verb  jabara,  to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians. Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? Mathematics is one of the first things you learn in life. Even as a baby you learn to count. Starting from that tiny age you will start to learn how to use building blocks how to count and then move on to drawing objects and figures. All of these things are important preparation to doing algebra.. We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it.2 - 2. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. about How to learn algebra the easy way. Algebra is not that difficult as everyone thinks. With some practice hard work anyone can master it. How to learn algebra easy way The learning of any subject needs to understand well, and algebra is not exception to other branches of maths , as we know the maths is first thing we learn before anything else even before we go to school ,therefore it is easier than other subjects in my opinion . And started counting fingers even when you buying sweet .every one of us has knowledge of some collections like books ,cars, and so on ,it is good to use as groups we know as rats, cow ,pen . Some student surprise if you say 5x+4=24 but it will be easy to say 5cars=20 £ how much the price of one car? When we use variable numbers and letters instead of numbers only it is algebra, truly it is very fun and easy if we make more effort with understanding. To understand it needs to make more practice and follow up the rules, addition ,subtraction, multiplication, division and equality of equations because changing sign from side to side is very important and algebra is not exception to other branch of maths . Understanding and practice whenever you make more practice sure you will be mathematician person ,it is not difficult as many people afraid or think 1 LEARN ALGEBRA THE EASY WAY : The key to learn and understand Mathematics is to practice and Algebra is no exception. Understanding the concepts is very vital, without which you are going to have difficulty learning algebra. Algebra helps in problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and applying solid strategies which is important in your day to day life especially in a  job  atmosphere. Consider Algebra to be a game and you would find how easy it is, youll see the miracle ! 2 There are several techniques that can be followed to learn Algebra the easy way. Learning algebra from the textbook can be boring. Though textbooks are necessary it doesnt always address the need for a conceptual approach. There are certain techniques that can be used to learn algebra the fun and easy way. Listed below are some of the techniques that can be used. Do some online research and you will be surprised to find a whole bunch of websites that offer a variety of fun learning methods which makes learning algebra a pleasant experience and not a nightmare. But the key is to take your time in doing a thorough research before you choose the method that is best for you, or you can do a combination of different methods if you are a person who looks for variety to boost your interest. 3 1. ANIMATED ALGEBRA : You can learn the basic principles of algebra through this method. Animation method teaches the students the concepts by helping them integrate both teaching methods. When the lessons are animated you actually learn more ! 2. ALGEBRA QUIZZES : You can use softwares and learn at your own pace best of all you dont need a tutor to use it. What you really need is something that can help you with your own homework, not problems it already has programmed into it that barely look like what your teacher or professor was trying to explain. You can enter in your own algebra problems, and it works with you to solve them faster make them easier to understand. 3. INTERACTIVE ALGEBRA : There are several Interactive Algebra plugins that allows the user to  explore  Algebra by changing variables and see what happens. This promotes an understanding of how you arrive at answers. There are websites that provide online algebra help and worksheets. They also provide interactive online  games  and practice problems and provide the algebra help needed. It is difficult to recommend better methods for studying and for learning because the best methods vary from person to person. Instead, I have provided several ideas which can be the foundation to a good study program. If you just remember all the rules and procedures without truly understanding the concepts, you will no doubt have difficulty learning algebra. So the magic word is concept. The above techniques can help you in learning the concepts without pain in a fun environment Read more:  How to learn algebra the easy way ! | eHow.com  http://www.ehow.com/how_4452787_learn-algebra-easy-way.html#ixzz1M8en5qcH BIBLOGRAPHY

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Essay -- Psychology

The case that we will be looking at throughout this paper is that of ‘Joe’ (name changed to so that he/she may remain anonymous. Joe has what is diagnosed by clinicians as narcissistic personality disorder. According to the DSM – IV –TR, this is characterized by ‘a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration and lack of empathy, beginning by early adult and present in a variety of contexts.’ The DSM lists nine criteria and Joe must exhibit 5 or more of them to be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. The first one is Joe has a grandiose sense of self-importance. He is always assuring himself that his needs come before anyone else’s and that he should be recognized for all of his achievements, large or small, in his life. The second characteristic that Joe displays is being preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, and beauty. He believes that he is the most attractive male of a ll of his peers and strives to attract as many women as he can and to have a sexual relationship with all of them. He sees no flaws in himself and cannot begin to understand why every woman is not attracted to him. The third characteristic that Joe displays of narcissistic personality disorder is that he lives with a sense of entitlement. He believes that everyone should think the way that he does and the he has the answer to ever problem. The fourth characteristic seen in Joe is that he lacks empathy, showing now sense of understanding towards other’s sorrow. Lastly, Joe is consistently arrogant and haughty to the point that his social behaviors are being affected negatively. Joe is seen as irritating by many of his social acquaintances due to his arrogant behavior and attitude. When consid... ...pbringing to find a root cause of the narcissistic behavior. Also the socio-cultural models tells us to consider the individual’s cultural background and societal views in which they were modeled on. Also, the biological model suggest that brain malfunction is at the heart of all abnormal behavior, while on the end of the spectrum, the humanistic behavior believes that we all have control of our own destiny and power over any abnormality. Works Cited Association, American Psychiatric. DSM-IV-TR. Arlingtion: American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Comer, Ronald. "Models of Abnormality." comer, Ronald. Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 2011. 32-37. Staff, Mayo Clinic. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 4 November 2011. 25 February 2012 .

Richard Whites Friendship and Commitment :: Friends Morals Loyalty Papers

Richard White's Friendship and Commitment In this paper, I will examine the duties of friendship. I will look at arguments in favor of the view that there are special moral duties involved in friendship, but will ultimately reject this view. I will then explain what role I see friendship having in morality even without these duties. In Richard White’s article â€Å"Friendship and Commitment†, White argues that friendship is an â€Å"inherently moral activity† (81). He argues that part of being a friend is having certain obligations, like being helpful or emotionally available. These are obligations that are above and beyond what we owe to a stranger. He also thinks that being a friend involves a commitment. He says specifically, â€Å"when I spend time with someone, accept their help, and make myself available to that person, by sharing the more intimate aspects of myself, I am also creating an expectation that is equivalent to a commitment, given the institution of friendship and all that it commonly entails† (82). In being someone’s friend, aside from the commitments and obligations, he argues, you are also morally endorsing her. That is, you are implicitly saying that there is something valuable about them – that your friend is someone worth knowing. Let us suppose that all of this is actually the case – that friendship really does imply certain commitments, obligations, and endorsements. Do any of these matter morally? I’ll address endorsements first, followed by obligations and commitments. When someone is your friend, this seems to imply that you think there is something valuable about that person. But the things I find valuable in her might have nothing to do with morality – for instance, she might be intelligent and able to argue effectively. She might make me laugh. She might be fun to be with. None of these are morally relevant, and yet a combination of them would probably be sufficient for me to be friends with someone. As such, it seems that being a friend with someone does not actually imply a moral endorsement of that person.

Eavan Boland Poems

The poem â€Å"This Moment† sees Boland take her inspiration for ordinary everyday domestic and common place scenes. It is a poem of intense tenderness that takes an ordinary event of a child running into its mother’s arms and deems it worthy of artistic expression. Boland uses very short sentences to that culminate to the climax of the embrace between mother and child. She uses images that are sensual and language that is rich and suggestive. The speaker’s appreciation of the everyday extends even to ripening of an apple, a process so slow that almost nobody notices it. These are things that happen out of sight. Boland uses the image of light to further this idea of things happening out of sight, as it is suggestive of people engrossed in their own activities. Perhaps, overall, this poem is a celebration of motherhood. It highlights the mysterious beauty of things we are usually too busy to notice such as moths swooping, stars rising and the beauty of the moment when a mother takes a child up in her arms. The entire poem is a series of images that lead up to this moment The Pomegranate In â€Å"The Pomegranate† Boland fuses together the universal truth of Greek myth to the modern day woman. She draws on the legend of Ceres and Persephone to symbolise the poets own maternal instincts, that is the parental desire to protect and shield the child from any harm that may come their way. Her daughter’s uncut fruit leads her to recall the pomegranate. Boland cleverly creates her own physical environment which mirrors the mythological landscape of Hades â€Å"winter and the stars are hidden†. She uses images in a symbolic way, particularly the image of the pomegranate which is a fruit associated with temptation. In this poem, Boland uses overtones of the Garden of Eden. She suggests that all those who eat this fruit are drawn into darkness. Boland then uses this motif of darkness to create a bleak atmosphere. It can be argued that the process that this poem deals with is that of sexual awakening. Boland uses the myth of Ceres and Persephone to provide an insight into the relationship between mother and daughter. She concludes with a terse promise that â€Å"she will say nothing†. She realises that the temptations that life will offer cannot be stunted by a mother’s love. â€Å"If I defer the grief, I will diminish the gift†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ut what else can mother give her daughter buts such beautiful gifts in time† Love â€Å"Love† is a beautiful poem which celebrates an intense moment of connection. This is an honest poem which deals with complex emotions. Much like â€Å"The Pomegranate† â€Å"Love† breeds new life into ancient mythology. It is a deeply personal expression of a powerful emotion. Bolan d cleverly uses simple and restrained language to mirror the theme of this poem. In the first stanza, the run-on lines mirror the emotional rush of the lovers’ first meeting. Boland’s lack of punctuation allows the poem to become more honest and sincere. As with any of Boland’s poetry, she moves between the past and the present. This movement is reflected in Boland’s choice of tense. She opens in the past tense â€Å"Once we lived†, however she changes to the present â€Å"I am†. The sands of time are not allowed to settle. All of this adds to Boland’s appeal. What Boland does come to realise is that the past is but a shadow and for all of its passion, it can never be relived. The Shadow Doll This poem â€Å"The Shadow Doll† is a highly symbolic poem. The glass dome that encases the shadow doll can be viewed as being symbolic of the expression that the institution of marriage represents for women. She opens the poem with an image of the wedding dress that is rich in detail. She comments on its blazing whiteness. Yet the speaker feels nothing but pity for the â€Å"glamorous doll† for all its glamour is an â€Å"airless glamour† as it remains contained beneath a glass dome. Boland imagines the doll having witnessed the intimate details of family life as a detached observer. She realises that the doll is a prisoner behind the glass. It may never speak or express the things it has experienced. It is forced to remain forever â€Å"discreet†. Boland creates a powerful sense of claustrophobia in the final lines as she repeats the word â€Å"pressing† which emphasises her own sense of desperation and urgency. For Boland this motion of pressing down mirrors the confines and restraints and the pressure of marriage. The power of the word â€Å"locks† refers to the vows of marriage which are reinforced by tradition and society. For the speaker, these locks will soon click into place, trapping her in the marriages â€Å"airless glamour†. White Hawthorn in the West of Ireland This poem draws on Irish superstitions. In essence the poem can be read as a beautiful and unique commentary about being Irish. In this poem Boland contrasts two very different worlds. She presents the west as an almost magical place where the ordinary rules of nature have been suspended. Boland’s language creates a haunting, mystical atmosphere â€Å"the hard shyness of Atlantic light†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. under low skies have splashes of coltsfoot, the superstitious aura of the hawthorn† In contrast the world of the suburbs is presented as a cultured area, full of â€Å"lawnmowers† and â€Å"small talk†. The poem celebrates the wild and magic west, as a refuge from the choking boredom of the urban way of life. For Boland it is almost sacriligous to constrain this wild and almost sacred plant; by bringing it indoors it was believed that it would be risking a terrible punishment from supernatural forces â€Å"a child might die perhaps, or a unexplainewd fever speckled heifers† In this poem the hawthorn serves as a link to our past and the journey the speaker undertakes is a journey back to the beay=uty of the west and its traditions. Boland uses of run on lines serve both to capture her excitement as well as to mirror the growth and fluidity of the wild hawthorn. She concludes this poem by commenting on the language spoken by these people; that is the language of superstition which Boland finds both fascinating and enthralling. The War Horse In â€Å"The War Horse†, the horse becomes a poetic symbol for the violence that has characterised Irish history. The flowers become the victims of war. They are the â€Å"expendable† numbers who are crushed by the great machines of war, scarified for some greater cause. The parallel between our casual reactions to the crocus’ death is designed to reflect our lack of concern with the endless tally of statistics in Northern Ireland. This poem is a highly crafted poem. Boland attempts to illustrate the carefree attitude of most people to the violence in the very structure of the poem itself as she is not confined or restrained by the rules of poetic verse. The poem is a graphic and vivid portrayal of the atrocities of war. She uses the damaged flowers in her garden to highlight the horrible and repulsive images of mutilated bodies throughout the poem. Boland captures the attitude of indifference. She concludes this poem with a powerful image of a landscape destroyed by conflict. The Child of Our Time â€Å"The Child of Our Time† transcends into meaninglessness of death and violence to produce something beautiful. For a moment the beauty of this poem eclipses the bitterness and hatred that have dogged Irish history. Boland invites us to find a â€Å"new language† so that we can put an end to violence that has resulted in this tragedy. This is a very honest, sincere and loving poem. Boland creates a sense of haunting finality in the simplicity of â€Å"you dead†. She employs words such as â€Å"we† and â€Å"our† to make us share some of the responsibility in the child’s death. The brutal meaninglessness of the killing is reflected in Boland’s choice of imagery. The image of â€Å"broken limbs† and â€Å"the empty cradle† serve to reinforce the tragedy. She concludes the poem with the effective use of alliteration. The soft sound of the S’s are tender and soothing â€Å"sleeping in a world, your final sleep has woken†