History of canadian labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of canadian labour - Essay Example (Bitterman 4) Bitterman argues that many farmers began life in the Maritimes as employees, citing Jones’ three-tier system of those with capital who could hire other people, those who could support themselves and those who needed to off-farm work while undergoing the process of farm-making. He argues that thousands of people fell into this third category, thereby not having independence. Bitterman uses many primary sources to support this claim from document of the landlord John Cambridge to Lord Selkirk and the accounts of Kavanaugh. While these sources provide strong evidence for the initial dependence of early settlers on wages, they do not truly explode the myth of independence, since it is clear that often these dependencies were only true for as long as it took to establish the farm. Indeed Bitterman refers to wage work ‘in the early stages of farm-making’. (Bitterman 5). It is also necessary to consider the fact that these sources, while useful, are limited in scope and Bitterman expands this limited evidence to account for thousands of immigrants in this period. Bitterman also argues that independence varied depending on the yield and weather conditions and a family that one year was independent could be forced to seek paid work the next. He takes as evidence the observations of Baddeck who noted that even 30 years after settlement occupants of hundreds of farms in the area were not truly independent. Bitterman also traces the variety of labour opportunities available and the way in which the settlers moved between paid work and labour on their farms, using as evidence documents relating to the MacNutt farm among others. From ship building to textiles, the possibilities for paid employment are varied and Bitterman’s account is compelling in its completeness and usage of primary sources. However Bitterman accepts that the calculations of the degree of dependency of farmers on wages

Paper on Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper on Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong - Essay Example War breaks out because of questions regarding the legitimacy of succession. As a consequence China subdivides into three major branches with Cao Cao reigning in the north, Sun Quan ruling in the south, and Liu Bei controlling the west sector of China. The Romance of Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong is a classic historical novel dealing with the power struggles within the Han dynasty which inevitably precipitate its collapse. An intricately woven book integrating historical accurate events merged with creative fiction, this book centers on themes such as brotherhood, art of war and religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This novel also weaves in elements of Confucianism whose doctrines are based principally on The Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven marks the transition from the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) to the Zhou dynasty (1122-256 BCE) violation of the macrocosmic concepts: through corruption, immortality, and misrule led to Shang's deposition from power by the Zhou Dynasty, Hea ven reserved the right to interpose in the microcosm especially when discord threatens. Political corruption made the emperor, also called the son of heaven unfit to rule therefore, the Mandate of Heaven can be legally transferred to another who was better and morally qualified. The Mandate of Heaven encapsulates the main principles of principles of Confucianism : ren (benevolence), xiao (filial piety), and li(propriety and convention), which secured harmony and equilibrium with the macrocosms (nature and heaven) and the microcosm (man's affairs). It is through application of the principle of the Mandate of Heaven that the Han dynasty is overthrown. Zhang Jiao was the catalyst in the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184 A.D. Jiao began the revolution to undermine and collapse the Han Dynasty due to social injustices experienced by citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daoism constitutes a large part of the novel since its ideals and teachings are practiced by the characters of The Romance of Three Kingdoms. Daoism is a pacific religion which stands for order and harmony with nature and with man. This concept is mirrored in the affirmation that that state of being "in accord with nature is (being) in accord with Dao." There exist compatibility, coexistence and harmony with opposite natures and this relation is called harmonious dualism. Zhuge Liang is an educated Taoist scholar who personifies some of the principles of Daoism. Dao which is "divine and everlasting" means "the way of nature and the cosmos" thus one sees the bond between the universe and man. Zhuge acts as an emissary, diplomat and successful martial strategist to Sun Quan.   Zhuge Liang, as a Daoist peacekeeper, pacifies several warlords in the South, at the same time, he spearheads the Shu Han forces on expeditions to strengthen the Han empire. He never dies on the battle field but succumbs to tubercolosis. Zhuge Liang's strategies always triumphs as he continually foils the plans of his adversaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Romance of Three Kingdoms incorporates tenets from another Chinese classical text, The Art of War written by Sun Tzu, a notable Chinese general who explains the importance of the war to the state and gives pithy advice on martial techniques on how to maneuver one's army to secure victory. The Battle of Xiaoting, the Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Wuzhang Plains are noteworthy collisions in the novel in which various arts of war are implemented. Lu Bu observes that "Cao Cao knows something of the art of war" (Guanzhong 90). In the Art of War, moral

Promotional Mix Used By Two Selected Organisations Marketing Essay

Promotional Mix Used By Two Selected Organisations Marketing Essay Sales promotion tend to be thought of as being all promotions apart from advertising, personal selling, and public relations. For example the BOGOF promotion, or Buy One Get One Free. Others include couponing, money-off promotions, competitions, free accessories (such as free blades with a new razor), introductory offers (such as buy digital TV and get free installation), and so on. Each sales promotion should be carefully costed and compared with the next best alternative. 3. Public Relations (PR). Public Relations is defined as the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics (Institute of Public Relations). It is relatively cheap, but certainly not cheap. Successful strategies tend to be long-term and plan for all eventualities. All airlines exploit PR; just watch what happens when there is a disaster. The pre-planned PR machine clicks in very quickly with a very effective rehearsed plan. 4. Direct Mail. Direct mail is very highly focussed upon targeting consumers based upon a database. As with all marketing, the potential consumer is defined based upon a series of attributes and similarities. Creative agencies work with marketers to design a highly focussed communication in the form of a mailing. The mail is sent out to the potential consumers and responses are carefully monitored. For example, if you are marketing medical text books, you would use a database of doctors surgeries as the basis of your mail shot. 5. Trade Fairs and Exhibitions. Such approaches are very good for making new contacts and renewing old ones. Companies will seldom sell much at such events. The purpose is to increase awareness and to encourage trial. They offer the opportunity for companies to meet with both the trade and the consumer. Expo has recently finish in Germany with the next one planned for Japan in 2005, despite a recent decline in interest in such events. 6. Advertising. Advertising is a paid for communication. It is used to develop attitudes, create awareness, and transmit information in order to gain a response from the target market. There are many advertising media such as newspapers (local, national, free, trade), magazines and journals, television (local, national, terrestrial, satellite) cinema, outdoor advertising (such as posters, bus sides). 7. Sponsorship. Sponsorship is where an organization pays to be associated with a particular event, cause or image. Companies will sponsor sports events such as the Olympics or Formula One. The attributes of the event are then associated with the sponsoring organization. Coke Product The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Companys secret recipe for Coca-Cola. As a publicity marketing strategy started by Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as one of the most closely held trade secrets ever and only a few employees know or have access to. This Coca-Cola formula appears to be the original formula to Coca-Cola. It is from the book For God, Country and Coca-Cola. The company Coca-Cola is a multinational and it is not limited to one product. Through the years they have invented and introduced many products than their main cola drinks. The list of Coca-cola brands are as follows: Appletiser Aquarius BPM Energy Barqs Beat soda Beverly Cannings Cheers Ciel Fanta And up to 70 different brands ! Pepsi Product The Pepsi-Cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colourings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavours. The caffeine free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients but no caffeine. Some of the different and varied brands of Pepsi are as follows: All Sport Aquafina Caffeine-Free Pepsi Crystal Pepsi Diet Pepsi Gatorade Izze Jazz Josta Kas Up to 40 different brands ! Coke vs. Pepsi-Product As seen above both the companies Coke and Pepsi have a number of products. Many of these products are innovations but there are also many products which are brought out just as a competitive product for the other companies. Some of these products that are brought in the market by both the companies to compete against each other are as follows: Coke Pepsi The main dark cola drink of the company which started the rivalry between these companies. Pepsi version of dark cola which is the major primary competitor to Coke. Full Throttle is an energy drink brand produced by The Coca-Cola Company. It debuted in late 2004 in North America. AMP is an energy drink produced and distributed by PepsiCo under the Mountain Dew soft drink brand. Vault is a carbonated beverage that was released by The Coca-Cola Company in June 2005. Mountain Dew MDX is an energy drink manufactured and distributed by PepsiCo under the Mountain Dew brand. It was introduced in 2005. PowerAde is a sports drink by The Coca-Cola Company and currently number two in the sports drink market worldwide. Gatorade is a non-carbonated sports drink marketed by Quaker Oats Company, a division of PepsiCo. Originally made for athletes, it is now often consumed as a snack beverage. Sprite is a clear, lemon-lime flavoured, non-caffeinated soft drink, produced by the Coca-Cola Company. It was introduced to the United States in 1961. 7 Up is a brand of a lemon-lime flavoured soft drink. Minute Maid is a product line of beverages, usually associated with orange juice, but now extends to soft drinks of many kinds. The Minute Maid company is now owned by Coca-Cola, and is the worlds largest marketer of fruit juices and drinks. It is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Tropicana Products is an American company based in Bradenton, Florida, USA, which is one of the worlds largest producers and marketers of orange juice. It has been owned by PepsiCo, Inc. since 1998. Nestea is a brand of iced tea manufactured and distributed by the Nestle companys beverage department in the United States, and by Coca-Cola in several European countries, Brazil and Venezuela. Lipton Original Iced Tea is a ready-to-drink iced tea brand sold by Lipton through a worldwide partnership with Pepsi. Coke Price Coke was a company ruling the markets before Pepsi entered. Earlier the price of coke was cost based i.e. it was decided on the cost which was spent on making the product plus the profit and other expenses. But after the emergence of other companies especially the likes of Pepsi, Coca-cola started with a pricing strategy based on the basis of competition. Nowadays more expenses are spent on advertising my soft-drink companies rather than on manufacturing. Coke has brought in a revolution especially in Indian markets with the Rs. 5 pricing strategy which was very famous. It was the first company to introduce the small bottle of Coke for just Re.5. This campaign was very successful especially with the price conscious Indian consumers. Even today most prices of Coke are decided on the basis of the competition in the market. Pepsi Price Pepsi again decides it price on the basis of competition. The best think about the company Pepsi is that it is very flexible and it can come down with the price very quickly. The company is renowned to bring the price down even up to half if needed. But this risk taking attitude has also earned Pepsi losses. Though lowering the price would attract the customers but it would not help them cover up the cost incurred in production hence causing them losses. This was the situation earlier but now Pepsi is a full-fledged and growing company. It has covered all its losses and is now growing at a rapid rate. Coke Place Coke is a multinational company and it has its market around the entire world. Pepsi Place Pepsi again has spread worldwide. Pepsi when entering a new market does not go in alone but it looks for partners and mergers. Till now Pepsi has collaborated with companies like Quaker Oats, Frito-lays, Lipton, Starbucks, etc. Pepsi like Coke has spread all over the world. It is because of this worldwide spread that now it is coming up with Advertisements which can be broadcasted in the different nations in the world. The recent example with would be the Pepsi advertisements having David Beckham as it brand ambassador. Promotion Both the companies Pepsi and coke are famous for their promotions. The rivalry was first started when Pepsi started with its blind taste tests known as the Pepsi Challenge. The challenge is designed to be a direct response to critics who allege that Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola are identical drinks, with no meaningful differences. The challenge takes the form of a taste test. At malls, shopping centers and other public locations, a Pepsi representative sets up a table with two blank cups, one containing Pepsi and one with Coke. Shoppers are encouraged to taste both colas, and then select which drink they prefer. Then the representative reveals the two bottles so the taster can see whether they preferred Coke or Pepsi. If Pepsi is revealed, the shopper is given a small prize. The implication is that Pepsi tastes better than Coke, and thus consumers should purchase Pepsi. In blind taste tests, more consumers prefer the taste of Pepsi to that of Coca-Cola. Because Coke was the historical leader, more people expected that theyd prefer and select Coke. Their surprise at picking Pepsi in the blind taste test (products were served in unmarked cups) helped change their minds about which product they prefer. Capturing this on film, Pepsi turned this into a memorable TV campaign that lasted many years. Also ad-campaigns are put up on the television by both the players. Mainly Pepsi is the company sponsoring most cricket telecasts happening in India and spends most of its revenue in that field. Nowadays both Coke and Pepsi are going in for Brand Ambassadors to promote their product. These brand ambassadors are famous people who usually people idolize and people can relate to them. A list of Celebrities that are brand ambassadors for the cola companies are as follows. These celebrities are not only asked to work in the advertisements but they also have to use the product promoted by them and they should not use the companies rivals pr P3: explain the role of advertising agencies and the media in the development of a successful promotional campaign Introduction In this assignment I must explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign. There are a lot of choices    that need to be made before setting up an promotional campaign. And if you want to make it successful, you have to make the right choices. Im going to find out in this assignment what the choices were for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class promotional campaign, and if they were the right choices. Theory Full service agencies          A full-service agency offers their clients a full range of marketing, communications , promotion services including planning, creating and producing the advertising,    they do the research and                select the media. Full-service agencies also offer non-advertising services. For example: strategic    marketing planning, production of sales promotion and sails training Specialty Agencies A specialty agency is one that either works with a particular industry such as medical, education, financial, insurance. They also work with a particular function like the internet, research, public relations etcetera. In-House Agencies Some companies have set up their own advertising agencies.   They do this to reduce costs and maintain greater control. Advantages    * Advertising agencies do all the work for you.    * They have a lot of knowledge and experience.    * The money you will invest will pay of (if the campaign is an success) Disadvantages    * Agencies cost a lot of money.    * If the campaign will fail, you will lose your money.    * You do not have full control. Evidence Product or Service Mercedes A-Class 180. Jung von Matt, a German advertising agency was founded in 1991. Today, the advertising agency offers a complete repertoire of marketing communication services: brand identity, direct marketing, events, film, literature, media, music, online, public relations, planning and, as always, advertising Characters, Theme, Focus of Appeal , Innovation In this commercial they only use the car as a character. The theme of the commercial is very futuristic and full of power. Its because of the dubstep song that makes it that way. In the beginning they only show specific parts of the car and play slow music, and then they show the whole car and play loud music.    This is very emotional because it gives you an adrenaline rush. Thats because of the dubstep music, the speed, the dark environment and the lightning. Its so cool.    The innovation is that its so futuristic. Its the first commercial that uses dubstep music. Increase in sales    Brand awareness    Competitive position    Consumer perception This car is released September 15th, 2012 so its new. But this car is so wanted that in June 2012 they already had 50,000 orders for this car.    Brand AwarenessMercedes-Benz is an well-known brand worldwide, but this gave the brand a more younger image.                The Rivals of the car are the BMW 1 series and the Audi A3. The price of this A-Class is higher than the other cars. But according to several reviews the car is worth its price.                This campaign created an whole new image for Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz was always known as an old brand. But this car and its campaign gave the brand an whole new younger image. Conclusion In this assignment Ive learned that it takes a lot to make choices. You have to do a lot of research and you must be sure that you have made the right choices. If you do not do that there is a chance that your promotional campaign will fail and you will lose your money. P5: explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaignhttp://avantisport.nl/images/wysiwyg_uploads/images/nike-logo.jpg NIKE Just Do It http://avantisport.nl/images/wysiwyg_uploads/images/nike-logo.jpg Nike is the worlds Number 1 marketer of athletic footwear and the Nike swoosh logo to symbolize all Nike wear and became a symbol all known around the world. Nike is the leader in sportswear. Nike has been using the same logo ever since they established the famous swoosh. Not only does Nike have one of the most famous logo but Nike also has one of the most recognized slogans around: Just Do It I think that Nikes power to sell comes from the desire for cultural influences and athletic accomplishment. These desires come together in the hearts of consumers and give an undeniable need they got to have it for apparel. Nikes makes use of top athletes promoting their products appeal to countless ages and acts as a way to identify with and emulate their athletic heroes. These works powerfully upon the individual consumer. Nike promotes its products by sponsoring agreements with athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams. Nike is promoting itself as a brand that sells quality-designed goods. It is because of this extensive advertising and many sponsorship programs that Nikes products are priced higher than its competitors products.   Nikes focus has always been on athletes and has always used premiere athletes to help promote its products. It started off with Steve Prefontaine in the 60s wearing Nike running shoes. In the early eighties, Nike wanted to really grow and become a player in the sport of basketball. At the time, Converse we endorsing two of the NBAs biggest stars, Magic Johnson and Larry Bird. Nike took a chance on a young rookie who eventually became the greatest on earth. Nike created a signature shoe for the Chicago Bulls rookie guard called the Air Jordan. This was the best investment Nikes has and probably ever will make. Because of Michael Jordan being the most popular player in the league, the hype and demand of this shoe was unbelievable. Tinker Hatfield designed the shoe and he spurred the basketball shoe industry to new heights. The introduction of the Air Jordan line helped to create new lines of basketball shoes, including the Air Force and Air Flight lines of basketball shoes and apparel. Also, a new innovative technology was a layer of air cushioning in their shoes; this was truly a differential factor for Nike when placed in comparison with other shoe companies. Nikes Air Jordan shoe was the best selling and most popular basketball shoe on the market. The Air Jordan shoe reached a point in the mid-nineties. According to Donald R. Katz, when a small picture of Michael Jordan at practice wearing different shoes sparked a booming inquiry all over Chicago. One store alone received over 300 phone calls asking if they had the shoes in stock.   From the popularity of the Air Jordan, and innovative styles and colors of Nike, a sub-culture of shoe collectors was born. These people search miles and miles and often camp out for these Limited Edition shoes. Nike, knowing that this market exists, will make very limited release of some special shoes known as quick strike or hyper strike editions to cater to this group. These shoes include retro version of styles, the 360 Hybrids, Paul Rodriguez, Rejuvenations, Clerk packs, and many more. Because theses shoes are released in limited quantities and the demand is so high, Nike can sell these shoes at enormous profits. Nike CEO Phil Knight is not slowing down as he continually signs new colleges on as Nike endorsed schools, current and up in coming star athletes. Nike has reached a point where they can count on the Nike name promoting itself, Nike believes, If you have a body, you are an athlete. And as long as there are athletes, there will be a need for Nike ! P5: design a promotional campaign for a given product/service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief. Aims and Objectives Every business has aims that they want to achieve, they might be overall goals and purposes that the business was set up to fulfil. So here below you see my aims and my objectives : Making a profit †¢ Providing goods or services to the local or wider community †¢ Maximising sales or improving the quality of a product service †¢ Being environmentally friendly Choice of media Spoken, written, or broadcast communication including television, radio, advertising, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet is a mass media that affects our society and ourselves. The most widespread form of this communication media is television and Internet. As we all know advertising costs a lot of money so I will need to advertise on channels that my target group would look on. My target group are people between 18-32 years old mostly females so it would be smart to advertise especially on fashion and music channels such as: MTV and MCM.. For internet advertising I would use Google.inc and Facebook as two biggest internet advertising agencies in the world . As I already said my target group are people between 18-32 years old and mostly females. So in this case it would be smart to advertise on topics and sites that have something to do with music and fashion . And of course billboards. In my opinion billboards are not the best way to advertise because you see limited variety of information and often its not enough for the customer.. But the reason of my choice is based on next thought : if people see some billboards outside with Ice cream galore on it even with limited but interesting information on it they will get back home and search on the internet for extensive information . And that is exactly what I need. Promotional plan Promotional tools Advertising Print advertising such as that in programs for events, trade journals, magazines, newspapers Direct mail Outdoor advertising, such as billboards and bus boards Broadcast advertising on radio and TV (or Internet sites) Produce and distribute materials such as: brochures newsletters flyers posters Of course I will make sure that my package design will be informative and catchy. (For a service business, the design of my company collateral and, most importantly, the appearance of me and my staff.) Promotional Activities Sponsoring special events (like fun runs) Participation in community projects and boards of directors Trade Shows Your product or service might be one that is suited Trade shows are one- or two- day events that allow businesses to set show cast their products or capabilities. Fairs (like Health Fairs, Job Fairs) Give-aways (like caps and shirts with my logo) Coupons and free samples Conducting contests A campaign is overall plan for contacting and staying in touch with targeted members of the media (reporters). I may want to develop a media relations campaign if it would benefit my company to be mentioned in newspapers or magazine that are viewed by my target group people. Costs Hereunder some advertising costs : Google : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500 one-off paying amount for Google Ad-words. The cost for the continuous and intensive optimization of your Google AdWords campaign from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 69 per week.(It can be more depends on the services and options you want to have.) Facebook Ads Cost Models When advertising on Facebook you can choose between two cost models: CPC: Cost per click CPM: Cost per thousand impressions CPC simply means that you pay when someone clicks on the ad while CPM means that you pay for each 1,000 people who have seen it. Both cost models use a bidding system an auction and the cost depends on what other advertisers are willing to pay for clicks or impressions from the same demographic. Again, in areas where there are a lot of advertisers competing for the same demographic, which is defined by your targeting preferences such as country, gender, age, interests etc., the costs are higher and vice versa. As always when it comes to Facebook advertising, youll see best results by testing both models and choose the one that meet your business objectives. But generally CPC gives a higher click through rate (CTR) whereas CPM generates fewer but cheaper clicks. TV Advertising Price for TV advertising is variable between à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1000 and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬350.000 for 30 seconds advertising depended of time of broadcasting. Billboards advertising Rates General: Billboard ad costs are set forth below for billboard signage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bulletin (Large Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬30,000 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 30 Sheet Poster (Medium Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬750 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2,000 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 8 Sheet Poster / Junior Poster (Small Billboard): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬750 per ad per 4 week period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Digital Bulletin (Large Digital): Range of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3,500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬25,000 per ad per 4 week period for an ~8 second spot in a loop of ~64 seconds http://www.bluelinemedia.com/billboard-advertising Range of rates depends on timing and market. Materials such as: brochures newsletters flyers posters 1.250 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 29,00 2.500 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 33,00 5.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 34,00 10.000 pieces- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 57,00 20.000 pieces- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 97,00 50.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 228,00 100.000 pieces à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 434,00 http://www.drukwerkmax.nl/4daction/web_shop_page/2/article/15160/?gclid=CKvMktWXiLMCFYXLtAod_CkAPg Fairs (like Health Fairs, Job Fairs) Give-aways (like baseball caps and mugs with your logo) Coupons and free samples Conducting contests Baseball caps Pieces 1-5 6-29 30-99 100+ Price à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.47 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 5.61 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 4.74 Shirts Pieces 1-5 6-29 30-99 100+ Price à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 8.62 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 4.31 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 3.45 http://www.leoworkshop.com/ Subtotal estimate price(costs needed to make to reach 1 million people) : Give -aways (baseball caps and shirts) ~ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬45,000 Internet advertising (1 year) ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500 a week à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 24.000 Materials (brochures, flyers and so on ) ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,500 TV Advertising (1 year long, on Saturday and Sunday 4x a day ) 3000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 30 sec ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬480.000 Total: ~à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬554,500 (a year)

American History :: History of America

The Space Race The goal of Apollo 11 was to send men to the moon, this goal was set by jfk in the year 1961. they landed on the July 20th 1969. The men who were aboard the ship were Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins. These men were (other than Collins) the first people to ever to walk on the moon. The event was televised to millions of American homes. There were also three backup crew members who didn’t go into space: James Lovell, Fred Haise, and William Anders. The crew conducted many science experiments as well as leaving an american flag on the moon. The flag has since been bleached white by the suns unrelenting power. The first man on the moon is so important to the history of America because it solidified the country as a superpower. If Russia had beaten America to the moon, they would been the country to reach that pinnacle of space science. It also would have crushed the hopes and dreams of Americans young and old alike. With the US and Russia locked in the cold war, the American people needed a confidence boost, and they got it when they won the space race. 1st Black President In election of 2008, the candidates running were Barack Obama and John McCain. Obama won, making him the first African American President in American history. Throughout history African Americans were treated as lesser to whites and Obama overcame those stereotypes and became president. There was some speculation that Obama wasn’t actually from America, but these were put to rest when he released his birth certificate. Some issues during the election were the war in Iraq, economic downturn, and LGBT issues. American history is full of examples of minorities such as blacks being kept down. Slavery was a huge black mark on the nation’s history. It is one of the main factors for racism toward African Americans in our culture. Blacks were often seen and treated as lesser people, and having a president who is part of this minority is huge step forward in racial equality. since Obama was elected there have been more black candidates running for office. Nuclear bombs The conception of the nuclear bomb began when Albert Einstein wrote FDR a letter concerning the weapons and how powerful they had the potential to be. On July 1945 The first bomb was tested, and the scientists were pleased with the result of the test.

Object-oriented programming Essay

Now days, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realized that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French â€Å"libraries† which means â€Å"a collection of book†. Reading material in a school are stored in libraries. Library is place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers. This project is concerned with developing a Library Inventory Management System using object oriented programming. In this system the library management becomes more efficient and easier to handle with its reliable system components. Many Library System are operated manually by group of people. In such situations many people in the process of managing the library such away that to keep records regarding to students or barrowers, check the books normally, keep records on issued books etc. The proponents use the visual basic as a basic programming language in a developing the system. Macromedia Flash will also be used for the design of the system. Related literature of Computerized Library system A library computer system is the software used to catalog, track circulation (where appropriate) and inventory a library’s assets. It is intended for home, church, private enterprise or other small to medium sized collections. Larger, First World libraries will typically use an integrated library system to manage the more complex activities such as acquisitions and the reference in book. Schools set the various pedagogical changes to achieve the current level of education in other countries. Because of the growing numbers of computer users, this became an effective medium to demonstrate the knowledge and skills of the students. From the traditional searching process for the books in the libraries, the interactive usage of computers can be now addressed as part of the library system. Reason of Choice Project: The proponents create this system to develop a system that can handle and manage the activities involved in library in an efficient and reliable way. Less managing personnel and easy searching availability and user profile managing are major goals in this project. The project is to develop a system that can replace the manual library managing system and developing a database which stores user details and book details. In addition, give reliable search facility for the users. Administrator, Librarian and Users should separate. Logins and create an easy to understand user friendly environment. Must important is to have an attractive user interfaces to navigate through the system for the users. Management Information System. Information systems play a crucial role in the management of any contemporary enterprise such as a small, medium or large organization; a profit making or a social service set up; a public or a private sector undertaking and an upcoming or an established business house. The fast changing scene of liberalization, competition and globalization combined with a never before seen emphasis on quality, timeliness, innovation, customer orientation and efficiency puts a premium on accurate, superfast and timely dissemination of information across the globe. The unprecedented developments in computing and communication technologies have indeed made such demands translatable into realizable goals. In simple terms, MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS) is a computer based system that provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data. Since management involves decision making and decisions have to be supported by accurate data, information systems should help management in decision making. Not all the data or information generated by computers is useful for management. Thus MIS is a philosophy which is far deeper and complex than the mundane processing of large amounts of corporate data by computer.

Obsession essay Essay

Some call it dedication, others call it psychotic. I prefer to think of obsession as a part of life. The definition of obsession which is found on The Free Dictionary is the domination of one’s thoughts or feelings by a persistent idea, image, desire, etc. Obsession can be determined by people around us. Passion is a positive obsession. Obsession is a negative passion. Obsession and addiction are so closely tied together. They both are almost exactly the same except for one factor; control. Being obsessed over something simply means that they are still in control of their habit; on the other hand, addiction is the state being enslaved to a habit or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming. So it is seen that although they are very closely linked they are not the same. Obsession is the gate way to addiction. Personally, I have been accused of being obsessed over lacrosse. All I could think about of every day is something about lacrosse. My mind was wrapped around lacrosse like a candy wrapper on a piece of candy. Every time I had free time, I went outside and played lacrosse. At the time I did not believe I was obsessed over the issue, I simply thought of it as dedication. My parents confronted my issue to me, and right then and there is when I realized that I truly had an obsession. Obsession becomes a beast all in itself. Obsession can cloud someone’s judgment and can potentially lead a person off the track of their own goal. When someone is obsessed over something, then the only important thing in their life is the obsession. If one does not fulfill this need, then different effects may happen. Either one will perceive to their obsession, or they will realize that they have an obsession and stop in what they are doing. Power is something else we do not understand about obsession. Obsession takes root so easily and can quickly spread to become something more. Therefore it is not something to play around with because when it is excited, it will grow and grow until it has reached the top. At that point, obsession can only bring out the worst in a person. Obsession is a feeling and not an emotion. An emotion is a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. A feeling is just expressing an emotion. Obsession can be shown through jealousy, love etc. Emotions are on the inside, while feelings are shown to other people on the outside. Obsession is not born by itself; it is born from the person’s mind. Obsession is born from that person’s wants and needs. Anybody can have an obsession, and actually it is only a matter of time when someone will have an obsession. Humans are lustful creatures and we all have needs and wants and therefore we all have obsession. Obsession does not necessarily mean it is a bad thing. A person can be obsessed with something good like school. One could be obsessed over school and everyone else would classify that person as a nerd. Also, one could be obsessed over God, and others would classify that person as a Jesus freak. In the end, people do not classify nerds or Jesus freaks as having an obsession or addiction. They are viewed as having a passion for school or Jesus. A passion is a very strong feeling about a person or thing. Passion and obsession is pretty much the exact same thing. They both have the same context meaning. The only difference is that passion is a good obsession, and obsession is a bad passion. All in all, the term obsession is used as being negative. Obsession is the domination of thoughts by ideas or images. The state of being obsessed over something can fog up someone’s true thoughts of how they feel. When I was in love with lacrosse, my parents told me that I was obsessed with lacrosse and that I needed to realize what was happening. However, now that I look back on it, I believe that I had a passion for the sport. Passion is a positive obsession. Obsession is a negative passion.

Free Essays on Epilepsy

Epilepsy Epilepsy: A disorder when from time to time nerve cells of the brain release a abnormal electronic impulses. Over 2.5 million people suffer from epilepsy. Epilepsy can happen to anyone of any age. 47 percent of people that have epilepsy developed it from birth to when they are nine years old. About 30 percent develop it between ten and nineteen. The least amount of first time seizures comes from the forty plus age group. (According to EFA publications) The International League against Epilepsy describes a seizure as an alternative term for â€Å"epileptic attack†. Seizures vary in their length and severity. A â€Å"tonic-clonic† seizure can last for one to seven minutes. â€Å"Absence seizures usually last for a few seconds. However, complex partial seizure† may last for thirty seconds or two to three minutes. â€Å"Status Epileptics†, is when seizures last for many hours. This can lead to medical problems. This type of seizure is very rare. There are many types of seizures. One type of seizure is a grand mal or a tonic-clonic seizure is one of the worst and most severe seizures. Some know that they are going to have a seizure, and they experience some type of warning. They may feel like something in their stomach is rising or falling. They will become unconsciousness and stop breathing. The person may shake violently. It may last for a couple of minutes then the person will recover consciousness. This usually leaves the person exhausted, and disoriented. Sometimes, people who are not familiar with seizures will call for medical emergency. Another type of seizure is a myoclonic seizure. With this seizure, a person may experience shaking of the limbs and, depending on how bad the seizure is, may become unconscious. This also leaves a person feeling disoriented and exhausted. A tonic seizure, another type of seizure, often occurs in children who have had some type of brain damage. Stiffening of the body o... Free Essays on Epilepsy Free Essays on Epilepsy Epilepsy Epilepsy: A disorder when from time to time nerve cells of the brain release a abnormal electronic impulses. Over 2.5 million people suffer from epilepsy. Epilepsy can happen to anyone of any age. 47 percent of people that have epilepsy developed it from birth to when they are nine years old. About 30 percent develop it between ten and nineteen. The least amount of first time seizures comes from the forty plus age group. (According to EFA publications) The International League against Epilepsy describes a seizure as an alternative term for â€Å"epileptic attack†. Seizures vary in their length and severity. A â€Å"tonic-clonic† seizure can last for one to seven minutes. â€Å"Absence seizures usually last for a few seconds. However, complex partial seizure† may last for thirty seconds or two to three minutes. â€Å"Status Epileptics†, is when seizures last for many hours. This can lead to medical problems. This type of seizure is very rare. There are many types of seizures. One type of seizure is a grand mal or a tonic-clonic seizure is one of the worst and most severe seizures. Some know that they are going to have a seizure, and they experience some type of warning. They may feel like something in their stomach is rising or falling. They will become unconsciousness and stop breathing. The person may shake violently. It may last for a couple of minutes then the person will recover consciousness. This usually leaves the person exhausted, and disoriented. Sometimes, people who are not familiar with seizures will call for medical emergency. Another type of seizure is a myoclonic seizure. With this seizure, a person may experience shaking of the limbs and, depending on how bad the seizure is, may become unconscious. This also leaves a person feeling disoriented and exhausted. A tonic seizure, another type of seizure, often occurs in children who have had some type of brain damage. Stiffening of the body o...

The Story of an Hour essays

The Story of an Hour essays Kate Chopins novel The story of an hour introduces us to a struggle-married woman heading for her newfound freedom. This short story describes the main character, Louise Mallard, as we see her metamorphosis throughout Chopins work of fiction. The story refers to Mrs. Mallard life where she gains her liberty. This scene, where Mrs. Mallard will supposedly grieve for her husband, deliberately expose a lot on her character and her new discovery of living. The story of an hour will make us see some perspective on a married woman who opens up herself and show her true feelings deep down there, for what we called inner-self. We could see, while reading the text, that there are lots of unusual signs about Mrs. Mallards personality. Strange behaviour where we could see there is something going on She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralysed inability to accept its significance(Chopin293). Her freedom is quickly vanished and her dreams shattered when her husband open the door. At the end, we know that she died in the same time as her free will ...she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills(295). Her absorbance of independence was much too great to bear the loss of it. There is also a definite change on her character going on when she enters her room Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul (293). The fact that the writer mentions the exhaustion of Mrs. Mallard, after she knew the news of her husbands death, makes us see that she is not reacting like what other women will react to their husbands death, grief. Her, on the other hand, feels relief with the news and it seems like it could go to the point of satisfaction regarding the news. This show us ...

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius Sirius, also known as the Dog Star, is the brightest star in our night-time sky. Its also  the sixth closest star to Earth, at a distance of  8.6 light-years. (A light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The name Sirius comes from the ancient Greek word for scorching and it has fascinated observers throughout human history because of its brightness and colorful twinkling. Astronomers began seriously studying Sirius in the 1800s, and continue to do so today. It is usually noted on star maps and charts as alpha Canis Majoris, the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major (the Big Dog).  Sirius is visible from most parts of the world (except for very northerly or southerly regions), and can sometimes be seen during the day if conditions are right.   The Science of Sirius The astronomer Edmond Halley observed Sirius in 1718 and determined its proper motion (that is, its actual motion through space). More than a century later, astronomer William Huggins measured the  actual velocity  of Sirius by taking a spectrum of its light, which revealed data about its speed. Further measurements showed that this star is actually moving toward the Sun at a velocity of about 7.6 kilometers per second.   Astronomers long suspected that Sirius might have a companion star. It would be hard to spot since Sirius itself is so bright. But, they kept looking for it. In 1844, F.W. Bessel used analysis of its motion to determine that Sirius really did have a companion. That discovery was finally confirmed by telescope observations in 1862. The companion is called Sirius B, and it is the first white dwarf  (an aged type of star) with a spectrum to show a gravitational redshift as predicted by the general theory of relativity.   There are stories floating around that some early civilizations saw this companion without the aid of a telescope. It would have been very hard to see unless the companion was very bright. So, its not clear what the ancients saw. However, current scientists are quite interested in learning more about Sirius A and B. More recent observations with Hubble Space Telescope have measured both of the stars, and revealed that Sirius B is only about the size of Earth, but has the mass close to that of the Sun.   Comparing Sirius Itself to the Sun Sirius A, which is what we see with the naked eye, is about twice as massive as our Sun. It is also 25 times more luminous than our star. Over time, and as it gets closer to the solar system in the far distant fugure, it will also increase in brightness. Thats part of its evolutionary path.  While our Sun is about 4.5 billion years old, Sirius A and B are thought to be no more than 300 million years old and so their story is yet to be told. Why is Sirius Called the Dog Star?   This star has earned the name Dog Star from an interesting time in Earths past. One reason its called that is that its the brightest star in Canis Major. However, theres a more interesting idea about its name: it was also incredibly important to stargazers in the ancient world for its prediction of seasonal change. For example, in the time of the Pharoahs in Egypt, people watched for Sirius to rise just before the Sun did. That marked the season when the Nile would flood, and bathe the nearby farms with mineral-rich silt.  The Egyptians made a ritual of looking for Sirius at the right time- it was that important to their society. The rumor goes that this time of year, typically late summer, came to be known as the Dog Days of summer, particularly in Greece, when people began looking for the Dog star just before sunrise. The Egyptians and Greeks werent the only ones interested in this star. Ocean-going explorers also used it as a celestial marker, helping them navigate around the worlds seas. For example, to the Polynesians, who have been accomplished navigators for centuries, Sirius was known as Aa and it was part of a complex set of navigational star lines the islanders used to voyage up and down the Pacific between Tahitian islands and Hawaii.   Today, Sirius is a favorite of stargazers, and enjoys many mentions in science fiction, song titles, and literature. It appears to twinkle madly, although thats really a function of its light passing through Earths atmosphere, particularly when the star is low on the horizon.      Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Port Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Port Security - Assignment Example Since great numbers of trucks move in and out of ports it is easier for the terrorist to carry harmful things to the port vicinity. Some ports also have fishing and recreational boats that terrorists could use as an aid in performing their terrorist activities. Terrorist can use the shipping system to import weapons of mass destruction and other hazardous materials. Even smuggling of personnel can be a thing of major threat. If terrorist attack the sea port with nuclear bomb a large area can be destroyed. Seaports attack can cause local and international destruction as it is globally connected. As there is lot of embarkation and disembarkation happening in the sea ports it is difficult to detect mal practices. Radical elements can import biological and chemical weapons to destroy the country which is a matter of great concern. The coast guards are the major unit active in the port area to maintain the security system. The security atmosphere at seaports remains uncertain because of port infrastructure remaining uncompleted and also due to lack of proper co ordination in conveying of information about threats. â€Å"There is a wide range of vulnerabilities at seaports, including critical infrastructure such as bridges and refineries, shipping containers with unknown contents, and the enormous volume of foreign and domestic shipping traffic† (Decker,2002). Ports operate in a complex mode transport system, and weak linkages between components may result higher vulnerability Large scale military deployment would require to transport equipment needed by military heavily by sea .If the ports are attacked there could be a severe civilian causality and they could lose time and also cargo. Since infrastructure is inefficient the full potentiality of deployment cannot be utilized. There is lack of central authority to monitor the activities of the personnel installed along the ports. Moreover during the course of deployment there can be non government

Sales on Credit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sales on Credit - Research Paper Example More than that, the firms allow sales of large volume of goods on credit to ensure a larger increase in its applicability to customers. As a result, companies focus on more credit sales to improve sales, ensure attainment of success with the intense competition among business firms while offering the customers with flexible terms of payment that suit them. Considerably sales on credit involve increased allocation for general-purpose credit cards, accounts receivable, notes payable and bad debts entries in the books of accounts. General Preview of Sales on Credit Even though, the option of selling goods to customers for cash remains viable companies have to allow room for sales on credit. More significantly, credit trade acts as an important factor in both, the sales and procurement operations and the corporate asset-liability management as it ensures success in meeting the targeted market of customers. With more risks associated with sales of goods on credit, a company incurs more co st account receivable as the anticipated payment accrue while the likelihood of bad debt occurrence depends on the credit ability of the customers (Warren, Reeve & Duchac 361). In most cases, companies carry out credit analysis of the respective clients who wish to be issued goods and services on credit as a way of being assured that the amount of money owed would be paid. As a result, the company seeks information about the history of the firm’s or individual borrowing through the different relationships with sources of finance to ascertain the liquidity and capability level of the recipient to service the debt (Warren, Reeve & Duchac 362). It is therefore, essential to understand the customer’s profile on whether or not the company will suffer any likely loss from the provision of trade credit. Forms of Sales on Credit Accounts Receivable More significantly, the accounts receivable in a company gives the value of money owed after offering sales for merchandise or ser vices to customers in an open account. Therefore, the value of accounts receivable show the expected payment to be collected for providing a customer with a good or service on credit within the specified terms. Above all, the terms and conditions that govern the credit sale are clearly integrated in the seller’s invoice issued to the buyer (Warren, Reeve & Duchac 361). With the invoice issued only by the seller as evidence of the credit sale, there is no other written evidence of debt executed in the credit contract of the seller and buyer. However, there is always a need for receivables management in organizations that issue credit sales. More importantly, the credit sale involves an element of risk because there is no certainty based on the payment for the goods and services within the stipulated period calling for careful analysis of the risk involved before issuing credit. Accounts receivables is based on economic value as the buyers utilize their economic value of the go ods and services immediately, whereas the seller gets an economic value later when payments are made(Warren, Reeve & Duchac 361). Finally, accounts receivables are accompanied by an element of futurity as the buyer make payment at a future period. As a credit sale, it involves pledging of payments later on accounts receivable financing companies can use it as a security for financing a loan. This is because, the pledging of accounts recei

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) Assignment

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) - Assignment Example ternet marketing is one of the latest ongoing business industries that is proving itself to be highly profitable as compared to physical offices and manufacturing organisations. It has versatility in its work operations and constantly thrives for changes to be profitable and successful. The resources used are minimum and the main element required is knowledge and creative skills to implement ideas. One such organisation that I am highly interested in joining is Google Incorporation. I would like to start my professional career from one of the most successful multinational organisations that have made a good brand name in the internet marketing category. The mission statement of Google is to allow all the users on the internet to have the access of various kinds of information pertaining to any topic. The information should be available and readily accessible by all the users of the world (Google Jobs, 2013). Google has engineered its management styles by taking in top notch professionals that have a good command on their work. The leadership style followed at Google is mostly Laissez Fairre. The professionals hired at Google are professional in the field of technology and with a good amount of experience. Google hires the best ones who know their word and do not require any guidance to conduct their work procedures. This one of the factors of how organisations are successful. The organisational structure of Google consists of Board of Director, Senior Leadership members and Executive Officers. It is a short hierarchy and both the executive officers and Senior Leaders are accountable to the Board of Directors. In Laissez Fairre leadership style, the expert professionals are empowered with the tasks authority and this is how the employees work at Google (Google Company, 2013). Google has an open culture policy at its work place and it encourages the employees to give their valuable suggestions and opinions. On emails and sometimes in cafe, the Google audience

'Mass education has not brought a decline in religious observance. It Essay

'Mass education has not brought a decline in religious observance. It has, instead, reconfigured the ways in which Muslims kno - Essay Example With time, some of the traditional ways of people have faded away all thanks to the changes that the world has undergone. Everything has taken a turn to a certain direction. The economy has changed; the social lives of people have changed, and the cultural life of people and political atmosphere are different from the past. Whether all this changed have happened all for the positive reasons is yet unknown, but one thing is clear in all this; individuals have become more aware of their surroundings. They have come to see that the world around them is changing. They have acquired the knowledge and are literate enough to distinguish between things. This is one of the major developments that have occurred. Individuals have become more literate. They have come to learn more, and this brings them closer to understanding the changes that have occurred. Literacy has been something that has been taken seriously and it is considered a necessary aspect in the development of an individual. Peopl e now value the aspect of education more than they did a time ago (Kaplan, 10, 2006). They have become literate, and all this is because of development and change. Literacy has brought change in politics, economy, culture and tradition and the social lives of people. ... Much to the contrary, mass schooling and literacy have heightened the public interest in Islam and widened access to Islamic texts. This increasing demand for Islamic knowledge has created a highly charged educational field, where different interest groups and institutions vie for the hearts and minds of Muslims. The main focus will be turned on to two countries that have Muslim influence; Egypt and Turkey (Eickelman, 45, 1992). A number of ethnographic and historical studies that examine the place and politics of Islam in public education will be reviewed in order to give the basis of educational influence on Muslims. By the end of this essay, questions will be answered that relate to literacy and Islam. Questions like, â€Å"What happens to religious socialization when it becomes formalised (set curricula) and centralized (state-controlled)?† will be answered. Another area of interest that will be looked into is the Eickelman’s (1992) suggestion that states that, â₠¬Å"mass education has led to an â€Å"objectification† of Islam†. Also there will be a discussion of Starrett’s (1998) notion of â€Å"functionalization† of Islam – â€Å"putting it consciously to work for various types of political and social projects†. There is also another area of interest that relates to the discussion; Kaplan’s (2006) thesis that the religious nationalists of post-1980 Turkey have promoted an â€Å"Islamic secularity† through school curricula. All this will be put into consideration in order to test whether literacy has brought Muslims closer to them realizing their true heritage and embracing it. Public education is not, of course, confined to formal schooling. Saba Mahmood (2005), for example,

Managing Organizational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Organizational Communication - Essay Example Improving listening skills and learning to use and interpret nonverbal cues and verbal communication will help effective communication. Effective feedback is essential to let employees know where they stand and direct them to help achieve organizational goals. Organizations are made up of groups which are again made up of individuals. For sharing of information and coordination of activities, communication is absolutely necessary between groups and individuals. Individuals exchange knowledge, ideas, feelings and emotions using written messages, spoken words and gestures. "Organizations survive by making sense of and giving sense to their environments" (Sutcliffe, 2001, p.197). Organizations collect, comprehend, communicate and control flows of environmental information to deal with foreseen and unforeseen issues. According to various researches, the success of an organization is based on the organization's collective knowledge about its "process capabilities and the abilities to learn and share this knowledge effectively" (Parnisto, 1995, p.154). Sharing information is imperative for work coordination and cooperation in an organization. ... Managers facilitate organizational communication Communication plays an essential role in achieving managerial and organizational goals and objectives effectively. Communication is essential to inform employees of their goals, to compare with co-workers' performance, and for assessing employees' overall performance. Managers, through appropriate channels of communication, give instructions to subordinates and receive information. Managers interpret this information and communicate the same to the employees. To do this, managers should have good communication and interpretation skills, as, ultimately, the employees' interpretation of information depends on the accuracy of the managers' comprehension of the information and the effectiveness of their communication ("Managing communication," 2004, p.264). Role of communication in decision-making Managers take decisions that often have a major impact on the organization and its members. Making relevant and sound decisions is greatly dependent on the availability of accurate and timely information ("Managing communication," 2004, p.264). The length of the communication chain is a significant factor that affect the accuracy and timeliness of the information received. The more the number of links in the communication chain, the more the probability is of the information being distorted. Similarly, the longer the communication chain, the less the chances are of getting the information on time. Economic recession and competitive pressures have driven several organizations to reduce the number of managerial levels in the organizational hierarchy, thus facilitating more effective

Religious Practices and Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Practices and Ideas - Essay Example First, for intrinsic concerns. This is to appreciate how particular religious expressions can reinforce their own historical, social settings. The second reason is to consider how it may also encounter our own understandings of the day to day world (Brown et al. 73). The Roman Catholic Church and the reality of Catholicism, for instance, remain a massive and appreciated presence into the third millennium of history. Some of the questions that everyone might be asking him/herself are what are the backgrounds of the Catholic Church? How has it changed diverse cultural influences over the years? In religious events, the Catholic Church is known to speak in one voice. With that as an example than in our case introducing religious studies in our schools would play a good role in strengthening relationships in different nations (OCollins et al. 84). First, for instance, in his book Henrietta Harrison explores the modern background of a single Catholic Cave Gully town in Shanxi by intertwin ing some of the most important memories and tales of its inhabitants together. Harrison challenges are leading global antiquities of Christianity. In dissimilarity to storylines that tell a story of a Christian religion that was foreign to Chinese settings and acculturated or adapted in order to reimburse for this incommensurability; instead, he shows the important harmonies between Chinese and Christianity religious cultures (Harrison 27). Secondly, an introduction of religions i.e.  Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in the schools would allow interaction  and be borrowing different practices of different cultures. For a broader view of hopes and aspirations of the Chinese people, it is acknowledged that China has borrowed generously from other neighboring cultures (Hodous 44).  

Managing Organizational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Organizational Communication - Essay Example Improving listening skills and learning to use and interpret nonverbal cues and verbal communication will help effective communication. Effective feedback is essential to let employees know where they stand and direct them to help achieve organizational goals. Organizations are made up of groups which are again made up of individuals. For sharing of information and coordination of activities, communication is absolutely necessary between groups and individuals. Individuals exchange knowledge, ideas, feelings and emotions using written messages, spoken words and gestures. "Organizations survive by making sense of and giving sense to their environments" (Sutcliffe, 2001, p.197). Organizations collect, comprehend, communicate and control flows of environmental information to deal with foreseen and unforeseen issues. According to various researches, the success of an organization is based on the organization's collective knowledge about its "process capabilities and the abilities to learn and share this knowledge effectively" (Parnisto, 1995, p.154). Sharing information is imperative for work coordination and cooperation in an organization. ... Managers facilitate organizational communication Communication plays an essential role in achieving managerial and organizational goals and objectives effectively. Communication is essential to inform employees of their goals, to compare with co-workers' performance, and for assessing employees' overall performance. Managers, through appropriate channels of communication, give instructions to subordinates and receive information. Managers interpret this information and communicate the same to the employees. To do this, managers should have good communication and interpretation skills, as, ultimately, the employees' interpretation of information depends on the accuracy of the managers' comprehension of the information and the effectiveness of their communication ("Managing communication," 2004, p.264). Role of communication in decision-making Managers take decisions that often have a major impact on the organization and its members. Making relevant and sound decisions is greatly dependent on the availability of accurate and timely information ("Managing communication," 2004, p.264). The length of the communication chain is a significant factor that affect the accuracy and timeliness of the information received. The more the number of links in the communication chain, the more the probability is of the information being distorted. Similarly, the longer the communication chain, the less the chances are of getting the information on time. Economic recession and competitive pressures have driven several organizations to reduce the number of managerial levels in the organizational hierarchy, thus facilitating more effective

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay This chapter presents the background, problem statement, purpose, specific objectives, the scope and the significance of the study. This study intended to find out the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth using a case study of orphanage homes found in Rubaga division Kampala District 1.1: Background to the problem. Several past researchers have had interest in the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in different contexts. For instance the research by Wingson (2009) was about the effects of mass media on teenager. He notes in this research that mass media has become part of everyone’s daily life. He adds that the development of technology is rapid in the world, from telegraph, radio, to TV, computer, mobile phone. He further noted that media makes the lives of the people at ease, along with Information and Communication Technologies they produce to increase the standard of living for the people to spend time. He concludes that, teenagers can easier to get mass media in computer. They can through computers to know different types of mass media that they want to have. Dr. Baumrind (1966) studied how parents responded to the needs of their children, parental responsiveness and how that determined a child’s  behavior. She also looked at how they demanded things from their children, in terms of their behavior. She used these two measures of parenting to form her seminal parenting styles theory, which would shape the voice of psychology and criminology well into the 1990’s. The research by Farinola, Donnerstein, (2001) was on sexuality and mass media. The research shows that sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. The research adds that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 seasons, while the research of Rahaman Onike (2007) was social and health implications of teenage pregnancies. The research notes that the incidence of teenage pregnancy has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. Lastly Crystal, (1990) carried out research on the causes teenage pregnancies. His research shows that teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. He adds that non -perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. The research concludes that sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices While much research concerning teenage pregnancy deals with either causal factors or prevention strategies, more information is needed about issues relating to parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. All these past researchers isolated the above relationship a gap the proposed study intends to fill. All in all, with the above theoretical and contextual gaps raised, a study of the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies is not only timely but also long overdue. In the context of this study, parenting style is seen as a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use bin their child rearing. There are many different theories and opinions on the best ways to rear, children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest (Wikipedea 2010). Many parents create their own styles from a combination of factors, and these may evolve overtime as the children develop their own personalities and move through life stages. A parenting style is affected by both the parents’ and children’s temperaments, and is largely based on the influence one’s parents and culture. However, for the purposes of this study, parenting style will be understood to refer to the way parents bring about their children. It will include the things that parents do to impart discipline and good behaviors in their children as accepted in the context of Uganda. According to Wikipedea (2008), mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nation wide radio networks, mass circulation of newspapers and magazines. However for the purposes of this research mass media will be used to mean news papers, magazines, radio stations and television programs related to issues of teenagers. In the context of this study, teenage pregnancy can be described as the pregnancy that occurs to the females between 13 – 19 years. This is more prevalent in Africa than other continents of the world. Akindele Oscar (1999) also defines teenage pregnancy as conception by children who are below the age of 21 resulting from either marital or pre-marital sex. Peer pressure refers top the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitude, values or behavior in order to conform to group norms Akindele Oscar (1999) 1.2: Statement of the Problem. According to Barnaba A (1998), youth peer pressure is one of the most frequently referred to forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common pressure because most young people spend large amounts of time in fixed  groups such as schools and sub-groups within them regardless of their opinion of those groups Meier (2008). In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from friends. Also, young people are more willing to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups and relief from stress. They need to better understand their condition and choices for care. However, this is not the case for teenagers in most cases most vulnerable persons do not receive good parenting and in most cases they are more exposed to information without restriction. As a result most of the teenagers engage in more risky sexual behaviors they see in the magazines, in the news papers and on television. It is for this reason that this study sets out to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District 1.3:Purpose of the study The purpose of the study will be to establish the relationship to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District. 1.4:Objectives of the study 1.To establish the relationship between parenting styles and teenage pregnancies 2.To establish the relationship between mass media and teenage pregnancies. 3.To establish the relationship between peer pressure and teenage pregnancies. I.5:Research questions 1.How do parenting styles contribute to the risk of teenage pregnancies? 2.What is the contribution of mass media on the risk of teenage pregnancies? 3.How does peer pressure contribute to teenage pregnancies? 1.6:Scope of the study The study will be conducted in five selected orphanage homes found in Rubaga division of Kampala. Rubaga Division has five orphanage homes namely Sanyu Babies home, Nalukolongo, Hope Orphanage Home, Wakhissa Ministries, Cobap Nakulabye Project. Rubaga Division is selected because of its location in the heart of Kampala district and being a division with many community based  organizations. The content scope of the study will be based on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. 1.7:Significance of the study The findings of the study could be of value to Rubaga division residents because the research will help them identify strategies which can work for them as regards combating teenage pregnancies. To future researchers, the results of the study may support future researchers in having a basis for comparison of parenting styles and teenage pregnancies. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) could find the study useful because it would enable them lobby policy makers and government to provide appropriate community services as regards the youth. To the youth, the results of the study will help them on knowing the best strategies of avoiding teenage pregnancies. Media houses may find it useful as it may help them in choosing the best programs for the youth. 1.8:Conceptual Frame work Fig 1: A conceptual framework showing the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. The conceptual framework shows that parenting styles mass media influence and peer pressure have got an impact on the youth that in turn make the youth prone to pregnancies. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0:Introduction Teenage pregnancy has become a growing concern nowadays and hence it has become imperative to look into the various causes of teenage pregnancy in  order to deal with this issue carefully. Teenage pregnancies are widely discouraged because the of health risks they raise for the young mothers and their babies. This problem is more prevalent in developed countries, particularly USA. As the name itself indicates, teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy in young girls, mostly aged 13 to 17 years. Pregnancy at such a tender age is primarily due to lack of sex education. Lack of awareness about the causes and effects of teenage pregnancy is more often than not, a result of lack of proper communication between teenagers and their parents. Therefore, it is the duty of the parents to impart adequate sex education and education regarding reproductive health to their adolescent sons and daughters so that their children become aware of the various aspects related teenage sex and pregnancy. Schools and society also need to emphasize the risk factors associated with unprotected sex as well as the outcomes of unplanned teenage pregnancy, not to mention the significance of moral and ethical values. Lack of sex education is the most important but not the only cause of teenage pregnancy. Following are some other teenage pregnancy causes that can not be ignored. Teenage pregnancies create a host of other problems like incomplete education, unemployment, poverty, social embarrassment and numerous other emotional traumas. Further, early motherhood also affects the psychological development of the child adversely. Besides, bodies of teenage girls are not as developed as those of adult women in terms of childbearing, therefore they are likely to face certain complications as well. Moreover, the chances of maternal death can not be ruled out. Therefore, analyzing the various causes of teenage pregnancy can help a great deal in addressing this issue effectively and eventually reduc ing the cases of teenage pregnancies. 2.1:Parenting styles and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth Despite what teens may say, their parents do play a critical role in determining what influences them. In many ways, parental behavior and the nature of the parent/teen relationship influences a teens decision to smoke, take drugs, become sexually active, and use contraception. Parental behavior can also affect teenagers choices to join a gang or participate in criminal activity. As a parent, you play a vital role in helping your child avoid risky behaviors. Actively listening to what your teen has to say will pave the way for conversations about topics that concern you, but setting harsh, unbending  rules may only drive your teen toward negative choices. If parents have a dominating parenting style and arent knowledgeable about their teens activities and interests, it is more likely that their teen will engage in risky behaviors. On the other hand, teens who report feeling connected to their parents are the least likely to engage in risky behaviors. Obviously, the reason at the base of any pregnancy is sexual intercourse. But several researchers would like to know why the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy is so widespread. The easiest answer is making an analysis of the relationship between parenting styles and the sexual behaviors that cause teenage pregnancies among the youth. Parents employ several strategies to influence the sexual behavior of their adolescent children. Parenting styles, parental communication and expectation and role modeling have an impact on the likelihood of teenage pregnancy. The influence of parenting strategies on teenage pregnancy is similar for male and female youth because pregnancy comes as a result of sexual intercourse between the two. Therefore teen pregnancy prevention programs should emphasize helping parents develop effective discipline coupled with warmth and support and high educational expectations. Research has shown that one of the causes of teenage pregnancy is the lack of a sense of personal responsibility for their own actions, lack of maturity, and most importantly a lack of knowledge regarding sexual intercourse and contraception. Related to this, teen pregnancy is often closely associated with poverty, limited education and employment opportunities. 52% of teenagers admit not understanding sex or birth control and this is a reflection of one of the most fundamental causes of teenage pregnancy, ignorance. Indeed, teens in North America, especially girls, are bombarded with mixed messages concerning intercourse. Sex is seen as immediate gratification with no consequences, but preparing for sex makes a girl promiscuous. Sex is seen all over the television and in videos, but equal treatment for birth control methods is completely absent. Open discussions about intercourse are very rare. If an adolescent girl experiences low expectations for her future or lack of control over her life, she is more likely to get pregnant. Depression in general is another one of the causes of teenage pregnancy, leading girls to engage in risky sexual activity. Abuse of alcohol or drugs also leads to poor choices about sex and contraception, often ending up in pregnancy. Growing up in a family  without an adequate amount of love or a father figure may also be one of the causes of teenage pregnancy; an adolescent girl will fall prey to the attentions of an older man in the hopes of receiving affection. Most girls are pressured by their boyfriends into having intercourse because they believe this will make their b oyfriends love them more. There is a relationship between teenage pregnancy, sexual behavior, and family type. Students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiate families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input into sex education. Girls and boys from lone parent families or having mothers who are teenagers when they were born are more likely to report sex but not lack of contraception at first sex by age 15/16. Girls and boys with mothers having them as teenagers, and boys but not girls from lone parent families, are more likely to report being involved in conceptions by age 15/16. Teens say their parents influence their decisions about sexual activity more than any other source, according to a survey conducted by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Also, when asked where they learned the most about preventing teen pregnancy, more teens said parents than friends or the media. Most studies show that the risk of teen pregnancy is reduced by open communication with parents, sharing of family values, and parental involvement in teens lives. Teenagers are less likely to start having sex when their mothers are deeply involved in their lives and successfully communicate their values on sex. Research has shown that stressing abstinence to teens is best, but also talking to them about contraception is not viewed as a mixed message by 70% of adults and by 80% of teens. Boys may be more influenced by fathers, siblings and peers on their decision to have intercourse. In a loving, supportive, and open way, parents need to communicate their feelings on premarital sex clearly to their teen in order to help their teen make important decisions regarding sex. The absence of positive family interaction and parental support, such as emotional support, closeness, and communication, can lead to a wide variety of risky behaviors among teens. Parents need to talk to their teens, consistently set rules and expectations for their teens behavior, and monitor what their teen does. Parents can support positive peer  relationships by giving their teenagers their love, time, boundaries, and encouragement to think for themselves. Previous research has attributed a girls increased risk of pregnancy to the possible consequences of a father leaving lower family income, conflict at home and weak parental monitoring. Girls whose fathers left either before they were born or up to age 5 were seven to eight times more at risk of becoming pregnant as an adolescent than girls living with their fathers. A fathers departure between ages 6 to13 suggested a two to three times greater risk of becoming pregnant. Having no father usually means less household income and a greater chance of other disadvantages, such as domestic violence or a depressed mother. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away from teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away fr om teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. A child who can openly and honestly speak with their Parents about anything and everything literally has the greatest single gift, and the largest possible safety net, a Parent can provide to their child. Children need to know how Parents feel about sex. They need to know the reasons for and against engaging in sexual behaviors and the possible consequences regarding each course of action. Discuss your views about sex and its proper time and place in a healthy and happy life. Parents should just start talking and see where the conversation takes them. Children are taught in school the importance of safe sex and the use of condoms to prevent an unwanted pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted  diseases, including AIDS. Parents should ensure their children understand these issues even if the plan is for their children to not be sexually active at this time in their lives. Having a clear understanding of safe sex practices can prevent a teenage issue that leads to sex from being a larger and more damaging issue than it has to be. Parents need to know who their children are spending time with. They should get to know their children’s friends and their friend’s family. Friends who share common thoughts and beliefs are more likely to support children in wholesome and proper activities. In the parenting style taken up by the parents, there should be clear family rules regarding the age at which our children can start dating, and those first dates should be group events engaged in wholesome activities. Parents should also realize that the risk of teenage pregnancy increases dramatically when girls date boys who are 1 to 3 years older than they are. Parents who can help their children see a bright future are the same Parents who are helping the cause of teenage pregnancy prevention. The chances of teenager delaying sexual activity are greatly increased if their futures appear bright, they have goals for their future, and they can see how proper behavior and correct actions will help them get to where they want to go in life. Teenagers who are active and successful in school are more likely to have a clear vision for their future, and hence avoid behavior that could put at risk the future they want to achieve. Parents should help their children to believe in themselves, to have a healthy self-image and positive self-esteem and enjoy a solid vision for their happy tomorrows. Parents should help teenagers to see that their choices of today will directly affect their tomorrows. Having that clear vision of a bright and hopeful future makes teenage pregnancy prevention a logical and welcome avenue to the future life our children desire so desperately to enjoy. Some parents help children know their parts and to learn their lines well, so that when the action scenes of their lives are lived they can be the hero of their own stories and avoid the heart ache scenes that don’t have to be a part of their productions. 2.2:Mass media and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. Mass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in urban areas has at least one TV, the  internet, and a cell phone. There are more forms of media available today than ever before; consequently, teens are exposed to a lot of information. The media is supposed to portray what is normal; therefore, it affects what society considers normal. Teens are much more impressionable then adults. What the media tells them is normal affects them more. The media’s portrayal of body image affects teens negatively through using stereotypes, encouraging sexual behavior, and promoting unnecessary products. The media portrays single parent homes, teen pregnancy, and the social issue that America faces in a positive light. Music Television (MTV) has several shows which portray teen pregnancy as a positive attribute of life: Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Teen Mom is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV on December 8, 2009. The perceived sensitivity of sex as a research topic and a focus on television t o the exclusion of other media unfortunately has restricted the kind of research that has been done. Much of the empirical work has been analyses of content that allow only speculation about what effects the content might have on audiences. But an emerging set of studies that go beyond content to address how audiences select, interpret, and apply sexual content suggests that the media may play an important role, especially for young people Steele, (1999). The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn about and see sexual behavior Wikipedea, (2010). The media may be especially important for young people as they are developing their own sexual beliefs and patterns of behavior and as parents and schools remain reluctant to discuss sexual topics Roberts, (2000). In the United States, young people spend 6 to 7 hours each day on average with some form of media. A national survey in 1999 found that one third of young children (2 to 7 years old) and two thirds of older children and adolescents (8 to 18 years old) have a television in their own bedroom. Many of those televisions also are hooked up to cable and a Videocassette Recorder (VCR) (Roberts, 2000). Sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. One content analysis found that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 season. Depiction of intercourse (suggestive or explicit) occurred in one of every 10 programs (Kunkel, Cope-Farrar, Biely, Farinola,   Donnerstein, 2001). Many teens admit that sexualized content in film, television and music helps influence them to engage in sexual activity before they are ready. One fifth to one half of music videos, depending on the music genre for example country, rock, rap portray sexuality or eroticism DuRant et al., (1997). Two thirds of Hollywood movies made each year are R-rated; most young people have seen these movies long before they are the required 16 years old Greenberg et al., (1993). Although teen girls and womens magazines, such as Seventeen and Glamour have increased their coverage of sexual health issues over the past decade, the majority of advertising and editorial content in these magazines remains focused on what girls and women should do to get and keep their man Walsh-Childers, Gotthoffer, Lepre, ( 2002). The Internet has increased dramatically the availability of sexually explicit content. Computer and Internet use is diffusing more rapidly than any previous technology; as of the end of 1999, more than half (56%) of all adults in the United States were online. It is expected that by 2010 most U.S. homes with children will have access to the Internet Taylor, (1999). The word sex is the most popular search term used on the internet today Cyber Atlas, (2001). The internet may have both positive and negative effects on sexual health. According to one national survey of young people (10-17 years old) who regularly used the internet, one out of four said he or she had encountered unwanted pornography in the past year, and one out of five had been exposed to unwanted sexual solicitations or approaches Finkelhor, Mitchell, Wolak, (2000). At the same time, a number of sites, such as the American Social Health Associations iwannaknow.org, promote healthy sexual behavior and provide young people with advice on communication in relationships as well as methods for protecting against sexually transmitted diseases. Despite increasing public concern about the potential health risks of early, unprotected sexual activity, most of the mass media rarely depict three Cs of responsible sexual behavior: Commitment, Contraceptives, and consideration of Consequences. Although more than half of the couples who engage in sexual intercourse on television are in an established relationship, 1 in 10 are couples who have met only recently; one quarter do not maintain a relationship after having sex Kunkel et al., ( 2001). Only about 1 in 10 of the programs on television that include sexual content  mentions the possible consequences or the need to use contraceptives or protection against STDs. Unintended pregnancies rarely are shown as the outcome of unprotected sex, and STDs other than HIV/AIDS are almost never discussed Kunkel et al., (2001). Abortion is a taboo topic, too controversial for commercial television and magazines Walsh-Childers et al., (2002). The urge to have sex and get pregnancy is now stronger because of the fact that one has an encounter with media. There are teenagers who are getting pregnant just to be on these reality television shows.Teen sexuality is influenced by the mass media today more than any other time in history. Internet, television, music video and sexually explicit lyrics all contribute to adolescents’ attitudes and behavior concerning sexual activity. Only 9% of the sex scenes on 1,300 of cable network programming discusses and deals with the negative cons equences of sexual behavior. The Internet and the anonymity therein allow adolescents real concerns relating to false information on health issues, sexuality, and sexual violence in the world of intimate sexual relationships. In 2006, a survey conducted by The Observer in Britain showed that most adolescents in Britain were waiting longer to have sexual intercourse than they were only a few years earlier. In 2002, 32% of teens were having sex before the age of 16; in 2006 it was only 20%. The average age a teen lost his/her virginity was 17.13 years in 2002; in 2006, it was 17.44 years on average for girls and 18.06 for boys. The most notable drop among teens who reported having sex was 14 and 15 year olds. One group of Canadian researchers found a relationship between self esteem and sexual activity. They found that students, especially girls, who were verbally abused by teachers or rejected by their peers, were more likely than other students to engage in sex by the end of the Grade 7. The researchers speculate that low self esteem increases the likelihood of sexual activity: low self-esteem seemed to explain the link between peer rejection and early sex. Girls with a poor self-image may see sex as a way to become popular, according to the researchers. 2.3:Peer Pressure and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth The incidence of teenage pregnancy in relationship with peer pressure has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. It is undoubtedly a worldwide concern since the Cairo  international conference on population and development held in 1994 has raised it as an issue among others. Teenagers are children who fall within the chronological age of twelve to nineteen years. Teen, of course, is a period when a child begins to develop secondary sexual characteristics, started to assume higher social responsibilities and started to express sexual feelings and desires. This is a delicate period in the life of the children for all physical changes have great impacts on the psychological functioning of the child. Teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. Non perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. Sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices (Crystal, 1990). Biological determinants, socialization agents such as family, peers, religious institutions and mass media have powerful repressive effects on teenagers’ sexual behaviours. An adolescent female in need of money is likely to be tempted to engage in pre-marital sex by friends who come from rich families or those that use sexual activity to get money and this could result into incident of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Students whose parents are low income earners face the higher risk of engaging in pre-marital sex and this could eventually lead to teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of school. Lack of adequate knowledge of sexuality education accounts for increase in teenage pregnancies. This is because; information about sex is got from peers who may also be less knowledgeable. Knowledge of sexuality education is essential to the development of right sexual attitudes and behaviours. When adequate and accurate information are not available, many teenage students would accept miss-information for truth. Peer group influence is another factor that predisposes teenagers to early and unwanted pregnancies. According to the result of the study conducted by Oladepo and Akintayo (2001), peer group influence was ranked first among the causes of teenage pregnancies. Free mixing of the opposite sex also linked with prevalence of teenage pregnancies. Akinboye (1982) in his contribution states that unrestricted interactions and social activities regularly involving male and female adolescents tend to create an atmosphere for inter-personal  affection, love and even result into sexual activities. Peer influence on the youth sometimes is related to going out or visiting different places where one may learn risky behaviours. Watching sexual stimulating magazines and movies may expose the teenagers to early sexual life and unwanted pregnancies. Participating in nude festivals and watching of pornographic films and images on the internet are also risk factors. Family instability and disorganisation which may be caused by poverty, lack of mutual trust and understanding between parents may cause child neglect and consequently could result into teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of the school. Legalization of abortion and early exposure to sexual life can cause teenage pregnancy. According to the report of a study conducted in Nigeria by Nicholas in 1986, he found out that 24.4 per cent of the girls by the age of 15 years have had sexual intercourse, 63 per cent by 18 years while half of the Nigerian females have become mothers before the age of 20 years. Peer influence is also directly and indirectly related to pre-mature drop out of school which is also a factor which predisposes female students to fall a victim of teenage pregnancy. The drop-out female students after leaving the school due to one reason or the other find it difficult to cope with life; so, took to hawking and in the process may get impregnated. In this case friends may influence one to get married or to join businesses. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0:Introduction This chapter presents the research design, population, sampling strategies, data collection methods, data collection instruments, data quality control, data collection procedure and data analysis that will be used in the study. 3.1:Research design The study will use an explanatory survey design that will be quantitative and descriptive in nature. This design was chosen because it can appropriately investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer  pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga Division of Kampala District. Orphanage homes are chosen because, in most cases these are the places where the children who are victims of unwanted pregnancies are taken for care. 3.2:Area of study The study will be conducted in Rubaga Division in Nakulabye Parish that is COBAP Nakulabye, Nalukolongo Orphanage home, Sanyu Babies home in Namirembe Bakuli Parish, Hope Orphanage home and Wakhissa Ministries in Bakuli. Five orphanage homes will be randomly selected as they are the only orphanage homes available in the area of study. The researcher will also go to 3 radio stations in the area of study that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. 3.3:Study population The study will involve 60 care providers and employees of the orphanage homes at least 12 from each of the selected orphanage homes. 15 employees of radio stations in the area of study will also be used to answer questionnaires. At least 5 employees from each radio station that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. The researcher will target presenters of those programs related to the topic of study. Children from the orphanage homes are left out because in most cases they are young and below 18. The researchers may even seek for secondary data from the records available. Questionnaires will be used for they are to bring out concerns and needs of the target population in relation to the care providers and children under care. The care providers are chosen because they are in direct administration of the affairs regarding the children and they are equipped with information about unwanted pregnancies 3.4:Data collection The main instruments for data collection were interview guides and questionnaires. Questionnaires will be administered to collect data about the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga  Division of Kampala District. 3.5:Procedure and data collection The researcher obtained an introduction letter from the department of Mental Health and Community Psychology from her supervisor. The researcher then will approached the administrators of the five orphanage homes and the three radio stations and introduced herself with the help of the letter. The researcher then will ask for permission to conduct research in these organizations and their areas of operation. The different respondents, service providers are to be requested to consent before the questionnaire is administered on to them. Informed consent will sought after the respondents are assured that the research findings are to be treated as confidential. 3.5:Data analysis Data collected will be edited, categorized or coded and organized in themes and there after it will be analyzed in line with the objectives set at the beginning of the study. For the quantitative data, tally method will be used manually, similar responses will be grouped together to ascertain the number and percentage of respondents who came up with similar views. For qualitative data, views and opinions of respondents will grouped, analyzed and established if they have a bearing on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth. All this will be done by use of frequency tables and tabulations at the level of report writing and presentation. 3.6:Limitations of the study 1Willingness of the organization management to allow the researcher to use the premises during the research period. This is because sometimes information broadcasted is kept confidential and people are keen on exposure. 2The results of the study may depend on some respondents’ willingness to answer the asked questions 3Literature available about the subject may be limited and difficult to access. 3.7:Ethical considerations Informed consent will be sought after the respondents are assured that the  research findings are to be treated as confidential. Participation in the study will be voluntary and individuals will be free to participate or not to participate even withdrawing from the study will be accepted. Since there is a lot of stigma attached to unwanted teenage pregnancy, only individuals who are willing to disclose will be studied. 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