Major v. Brodie Essay Example for Free

Major v. Brodie EssayCase LawWhere the tax liability of an English taxpayer depended on the disposition of some entity or structure which was non constituted down the stairs English law, the matter was to be determined by reference to the actual legal characteristics of that entity or structure under its own governing law. To the extent that the taxpayers liability in the instant case depended on the nature of a better halfship under Scotch law they were therefore entitled and bound to be taxed by reference to the actual law which governed the league. Moreover, under English or Scots law a hatful carried on by a fusion was a change over carried on by its members and each of them. (Major v. Brodie)Any piler who bought an asset for use in his trade was the proprietor of it, and inevitably used it in part for the purpose of being its proprietor. It was, as yet, legally possible for him to use the asset only for the purposes of the trade. (Major v. Brodie)SummaryThe sou rce first recites the points of the case. Taxpayers Mr. And Mrs. Brodie were members of a partnership under the name of Skeldon Estates (SEP). The two entered into loan agreements with a finance company and advance said loans to the SEP. The balance of the loan was however applied as the unshakables contribution of capital to another partnership, W Murdoch intelligence, a firm engaged in the trade of farming of which it was a member. Additional loan agreements were subsequently entered into by the taxpayers, the amount of which was applied to the SEP which it used to purchase another farm for use by W Murdoch Son in its farming trade, but which was not an asset of that partnership.The taxpayers claimed tax relief under s 362(1) of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 for interest on the loans for the years 1987-88 to 1992-93 as interest on loans to defray silver applied in advancing money to the Skeldon Estates partnership for the purposes of the farming trade which it ca rried on as a partner in W Murdoch Son. The Revenue denied relief to the taxpayers because they did not meet the requirement of s 362(1) that the money advanced be used wholly for the purposes of carrying on the trade of the partnership claiming the relief. The Revenue treated the money advanced to W Murdoch Son partnership as money advanced for the purposes of carrying on a separate trade, and not for SEP. According to the author, the conditions of s 362(1)(b) are satisfied. The provision of the law only requires that the money be used wholly for the purposes of the trade carried on by the partnership it does not however require that such trade be carried on by the partnership alone. In his treatments When the paragraph requires the money to be used wholly for the purposes of the trade carried on by the partnership there is no need or justification for tacitly interpolating the word alone, or some other looking having the same effect.If the trade is carried on by the partners hip, and here the farming trade is carried on by Skeldon Estates partnership (as it is also carried on by Mr Henry Murdoch), it makes no difference whether it is carried on by the partnership alone or in common with any other person or persons. It should be noted that the word wholly in s 362(1)(b) goes with used. It describes how the money has to be used, not who it has to be used by. (Major v. Brodie) For purposes of granting relief under s 362(1)(b), the trade carried on by a partnership as a member of another partnership may be considered being carried on by it wholly for the purpose of that partnership. The author thusly points to the argument of the Crown that the separate legal persona of the SEP from the taxpayers does not entitle them to relief under English law, Park J considers this untenable. First and foremost, the partnership is a Scottish partnership. It therefore has a legal persona separate and distinct from its members and the money advanced by its members can be regarded as money of the partnership, contrary to the Crowns argument.Even if SEP was, for the sake of argument, an English partnership, the taxpayers would still be entitled to relief because when the paragraph refers to the trade . . . carried on by the partnership, its strict meaning in relation to an English partnership is the trade carried on by the partners in their capacities as members of the partnership because an English partnership does not have a separate legal persona. The author then discussed the case of Mac Kinlay (Inspector of Taxes) v. Arthur Young McClelland Moores Co. 1989 STC 898, which will be discussed hereunder.Background FactsArthur Young McClelland Moores Co, is a firm of chartered accountants with over 200 partners decided that it became necessary to ask partners and employees to move from one part of the country to another to ensure that the staff was deployed to the firms best advantage with the firm shouldering some of the expenses.IssuesThe Special Co mmissioners, in resolving the issue involving two of the firms partners, found that the expenditure was incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the firms business by paying regard to two and only two considerations The conscious motives of Wilson and Cooper in agreeing to move and the motives of the partners in requesting them to do so and agreeing to run to the cost in accordance with the established policy.DecisionIt was concluded by the Court of Appeals through Lord Oliver of Aylmerton that the expenditure was not allowable due to the fact that the purpose of the partnership could not to be determined because it had a separate legal identity which allowed for the purpose of the individual partner to be ignored.The decision in this case allows a deduction to the partnership for payments to a partner for trade or professional purpose and when the payment is in return for full commercial-grade consideration.It may be however that in relation to a particular receipt by a partner of partnership moneys not falling under either of the above heads, his co- partners are agreeable to his retaining it without bringing it into account so that to that extent the divisible profits at the end of the year are questioningly reduce by the amount retained but this cannot alter the fact that what is retained is part of the profits which would otherwise be divisible.What is taxable is the actual not the notional profit and what has to be demonstrated if a deduction is to be allowed for tax purposes in mention of moneys paid to a partner is that it was paid exclusively for the purposes of the partnership business. As the decision states separate entity treatment only arose at the final stage when, the profits of the trade or profession having been computed and the tax in respect of each partners share in them having been worked out, that tax was assessed in one sum in the partnership name. This matter went to machinery, not to principles of liability.Conclusion The author concludes that a trade carried on by a partnership in its capacity as a member of another partnership may be considered as the trade carried on by the partnership for purposes of tax treatment and tax relief for interest payments.ReferencesHM Revenue and Customs, BIM38120 Wholly exclusively partnerships meeting a partners person-to-person expenditure, retrieved December 3, 2006, http//www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/bimmanual/BIM38120.htmMac Kinlay (Inspector of Taxes) v. Arthur Young McClelland Moores Co. 1989 STC 898.Major v. Brodie, 1998 STC 491, 70 Tax Cas 576.

Public Library Essay Example for Free

Public Library EssayLibrary is something which has a lot of importance in everyones life. And specially in the life of groom going childrens. It is responsible for t separatelying those children the moral values which are required a lot in further run of their life. Library is something whose importance cannot be neglected at any point of life. I consider myself to be very lucky as I was being provided with one of the best library by my school. My school had a big and efficient library. Almost all sorts of books required by students could be found in that library. And likewise there were many different types of magazines and newspapers in our library. We had a different room known as Reading Room adjacent to our library. It was the place where we used to guide on our books for reading them or making notes. No one was allowed to read books in library instead of teachers. Students till class tenth had two library full point in a week. They had permission to issue books during those two periods only. also they had to return the issued book within 15 days.No student till class 10th was allowed to keep books for more than 15 days. Keeping books with themselves for more than 15 days would require the student to pay a fine of Rs5 a day for each extra day. But this was not the case with senior students or students of class 11th-12th they were allowed to issue books whenever they wanted. There was no specific Library period for senior students. Also they had the permission to keep books with themselves till they want.They had to return books only during the time of examination. There were different sections in our library which were divided according to classes. The section for senior students by and large consisted of reference books. But they too had an option of issuing novels and other story books. Although due to study pressure there was hardly any student who issued novels or story books. Everyone issued references.

Difference Between Murder And Manslaughter

Difference Between Murder And ManslaughterThe prosecution must prove beyond all reasonable doubt Woolmington 1935 that the defendant perpetrate the offence ( turnus reus) and also had the necessary state of listen for committing the offence (mens rea). Murder is the goal to eliminate or cause grievous harm. The actus reus of murder is if the act connected is figureal, unlawful and is the main cause of death. In Alfs case this is spateting fire to Petes house. For Alf to be sanctionedly responsible, the prosecution must provide evidence that Alfs act was the actual and legal causation of Veras death. Factual causation can be acknowledged by asking was the defendants act a cause in fact of specify consequence.2This can be answered by asking But for what the defendant did would the consequence assimilate occurred? If the answer is no, causation in fact is recognized. The But for test fills it easier to charm factual causation amidst Alfs act of setting Petes house on fire a nd Veras death. The question in court should be Would Vera die if Alf had non set the house on fire? In R v W mop upe 19103prosecution failed to establish factual causation. In this case, if Alf had not set the house on fire, Vera would not have died. Meaning factual causation can be recognized.Legal causation has to be established to be able to take legal action. It uses concepts of blameworthiness, liability and expectation to select the most suitable. R v. Pagett (1983)4talks of legal causation, as the defendant did not fire the weapon that killed his girlfriend. However he was held probable as the most culpable in the actions leading to her death. Alfs actions need not be the individual cause of Veras death as an others act may have contributed it must a substantial and operating cause of death. Jo saw the fire moments later on it started and chose not to call for help and Olly could not help as he forgot the ladders.The defendant will not lawfully have caused the particular outcome if there was a novus actus interveniens sufficient to break the legal chain of causation. This can be an act of the victim, third party or an unpredictable natural event. The outcome of the intervening must be so overwhelming that the defendants attack is reduced in importance. In Alfs case, Jo and Olly do not break the chain of causation as their actions are not overwhelming causes for Alf not to be liable. R v Cheshire (1991)5shows that not all events following the defendants act will break the chain of causation.The mens rea for murder is the mental element the intention to kill or cause dangerously sensible harm. Alfs case outlines that it was not his intention to cause harm, nevertheless was sensible of a chance of harm. The mens rea necessary is intention. It is the highest level of mens rea and separates in two areas direct and oblique. Direct intention is when the defendant desires an outcome and their goal is to accomplish it. Oblique intention is when the defen dant has a purpose in mind but in achieving that also causes other outcomes that were not desired. Nedrick 19866is like Alfs case. The Nedrick test has objective and subjective perspectives. The objective part would ask if Alf foresaw the death of Vera as a virtual certainty and was he awake(predicate) that his act could cause harm. The subjective part would ask if Alf foresaw Veras death as a virtual certainty. Even though Alf was aware of the possibility of causing harm, he would not have significant intention if he did not foresee death as a virtual certainty, as he intended a different outcome to what took place. so Alfs intention was oblique as he did not want to kill or cause whatsoeverone any harm his intention was to frighten Pete into leaving Sandra alone. autograph and Shankland (1986)7the House of Lords indicated that the likelihood of the consequence taking place was aroundthing to take into consideration in determining whether there was enough facts from which inten tion might be inferred. The two miners were convicted of patchslaughter and not murder as their intention was to frighten and not kill. Alfs intentions were to frighten Pete not to kill him. However, in contrast with Hancock and Shankland, Alf was aware of the likelihood of harm but the two miners were not.Recklessness takes an inexcusable happen, having two levels subjective and objective. Subjective recklessness is where the defendant realises there is a risk but chooses to take it nonetheless R v G 20048. Objective recklessness is where a sensible person realises there is a risk R v Caldwell 19829. However, a person is still guilty even when mentally ineffectual to realise the risk. Alf shows subjective recklessness by not chekingif the house was empty, and is aware of the possibility of someone getting injured, but still pours the paraffin through the letter box and starts the fire. In Hyam v. D.P.P (1975)10, the issue before the House of Lords was whether or not the mens rea necessary for murder, was established when the defendant was aware of the high probability that her act would result in death or serious bodily harm. In some(prenominal) the Nedrick (198611) and the Hyam v. D.P.P (197512) cases the defendants were behaving recklessly Alf committed an act which was against the law, dangerous and was aware of the risks of harm.The two types of manslaughter are, voluntary and involuntary. In this case, Alfs actions were voluntary. Two specific defences which apply to Alfs case are provocation and thinned responsibility. Provocation was a common law defence prior to the Homicide personation 1957 defined by Delvin J in R v Duffy 194913Provocation is some act, or series of acts, done to the accused which would cause in any reasonable person, and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self- control, transformation the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not master of his mind.14Section 3 of the Hom icide Act 1957 lengthened on this providing that Where on a charge of murder there is evidence on which a jury can find that the person charged was provoked (whether by things done or by things said or by both together) to lose his self- control, the question whether provocation was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did shall be left to be determined by the jury and in determining that question the jury shall take into bank bill everything both done and said according to the effect which, in their opinion, it would have on a reasonable man.15This requires the prosecution to prove all elements of murder. There are three elements of provocation firstly there must be some provocative conduct, secondly there must be a cause to make defendant lose self-control and thirdly if the loss of self control occurs, a reasonable person would also have lost self-control and act in the same way.In Alfs case the facts do not point to any evidence that he was provoked. Alf was profoundly dep ressed and acted in anger after hearing Sandra was dating Pete. However setting fire to Petes house was not an act performed in the heat of the moment, which would have overcome a reasonable man. Therefore provocation is highly improbable to win if used as a defence. Diminished responsibility is a defence simply statutory. Section 2 (1) of the Homicide Act 1957 states Where a person kills or is a party to the killing of another, he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing.16If Alf uses this defence he will not be successful, as he was not suffering from abnormality of mind. The burden is on the defendant to prove their defence on the balance of probabilities R v Dunbar 195717. In R v Bryne 19 6018, Lord Parker CJ described an abnormality of mind as a state of mind that the reasonable person would find abnormalAlf can press he was suffering from depression, as the news of Sandras relationship with Pete caused mental distress and use insanity as a defence. This defence can apply to Alf til now he would have the burden of proving his mental state and that his depression affected his reasoning. According to the MNaghten rules it must be proved that, when the offence was committed, the defendant was under desolate of reason, evolving from mental illness, so not knowing the nature and quality of the act committed, or, if he did, not knowing that what he was doing was wrong. If this is the case then Alf will not be held responsible due to insanity. I think it most likely that Alf will be charged with reckless manslaughter, as his intention was not to kill or harm, but to frighten Pete. When setting Petes house on fire he does so in a state of depression and on realising that Vera is inwardly he immediately changes his mind and runs into the burning house and tries to save her. If Olly had brought the ladders the tragic death of Vera could have been avoided.There are three different offences of committing involuntary manslaughter, constructive, double-dyed(a) slight and reckless manslaughter. The case states that Jo is a neighbour and a family friend who notices the fire moments afterwards but does nothing about it. The law does not chew the fat a responsibleness on a public bystander to help or save a person in danger. In order to establish negligence for manslaughter a higher degree of do or relationship is required, even though Jo omitted to call for help she did not owe the victim a trading of care. In R v Stone and Dobinson 197719, they allowed an ill sister to live in their house she died after they failed to call for medicinal help. They both had a duty of care as they were her primary carer, both charged with manslaughter by gross neglige nce. The duty can be breached if at any time a risk of injury to health is foreseen R v Stone and Dobinson 197720. If Jo had created a danger which could cause harm to anyone then she would have a duty however this is not the case the fire therfore has not duty to act. Such duty arises from special relationships such as, parent child Gibbins Proctor (1918)21, a contractual duty Pittwood (1902)22, an appointed position Dytham (1979)23. Jos decision not to act can be considered to be morally wrong but this does not make it a criminal liability. Jo could be convicted of involuntary reckless manslaughter.The case states fireman Olly and his crew turn up to the scene but cannot help as they have forgotten to bring any ladders. The House of Lords in R v Adomako 199424decided that to establish the gross negligence form of manslaughter the prosecution must prove a duty of care a breach of the duty of care and gross negligence. Olly has a duty as a fire man is to save lives and prevent har m to others he breached duty by being negligent in failing to be adequately prepared and failed to carry out his duty by being unable to get to the victim. In the case of Pittwood (1902)25a railway crossing keeper omitted to close the gates resulting in a person crossing getting hit and killed by a train. The keeper had a contractual which was breached as he was negligent. Bateman (1925)26states that negligence is gross when it is beyond a matter of mere compensation between subjects and showed such disregard for the life as safety of others as to amount to a crime against the State and conduct deserving of punishment27Olly was negligent as he did not bring the ladders that could have saved Veras life. Olly could be charged of manslaughter by gross negligence for failing to provide duty of care and breaching his contractual duty.

Investigation and evaluation of environmental analysis

Investigation and evaluation of environmental analysisThis assignment was given to me as headspring as to everyone else in the group by Ms. Kargonn Abberton. It is bespeak to be done as part of the sort bunk experience in cab bet to enter how well students still art management structure of the bon ton they completed their work experience in. The brief for this assignment was given to us on the 16th of September 2009 and was requested to be submitted by the 16th of December 2009. As a vexation course student it is very important for me to understand employment management, how a well organized business works and how it female genital organ change the wellbeing of an organization. In order to create a successful participation or to upgrade an actual one, we should know what opportunities this organization has. We should be able to position the organization in the market scale a bring forwardst its competitors if there be any. The environmental analysis of a play along processs us to see negative and positive elements of the organization, what in future might make us change some of the st scoregies in order to make the alliance more confident and invulnerable. 3. Methods of proceduresQuite a few different sources were utilise by me in order to construct this report. In the first place found on the info received during Marketing Management Classes in Balsbridge College a megabucks of hand give aways were given to me as well as examples based on work of real existing companies and practical exercises. Also based on my work experience in KWE World Express where I have spent everywhere two years working as Exports coordinator. I have allowd master(prenominal)ly secondary research and applied academic theories in order to affirm my assignment. Books, internet and rude(a)spapers. 4. Findings 4.1 Description of organizationIs a Freight Forwarding International company which number 1ed its business in 1948 and was established in 1970 in japan. At stupefy there are 297 offices in 192 cities in 31 of the world it and employs over 8,000 race around the world. It is a tall company with LTD-limited Liability. Its crop is the service the company provides to its customers. KWE is one of the leading freight send on companies in the world. Domestic and foreign carriage and ocean freight forwarding business, trucking company agent, customs agent, and dose agent.There are two offices in Ireland Dublin and Cork. Dublin office is located be location the Dublin airport in Horizon Logistics Park. It employs 26 raft working in the office and 1 person working as sales re commitative visiting potential customers, (so called sales on the lane). Dublin office organizes imports and exports of freight by road, sea-ocean and air. It has been established in Ireland in 1998 and managed to gain and keep quite a number of deep and growing customers. Some of them are quite kn give pharmaceutic companies like Takeda, Astellas. Takeda is has been Dublins branch customer for over 10 years and there are two people in the company who are creditworthy for Takeda account. Astellas is a new pharmaceutical company which imports and exports up to 5 tons of loading weekly with the KWEs help. I tint go any further until I mean such a well known customer of KWE as Dell. Dell have been KWEs customer for quite a long time, but as farthermost as I know just before I left the company last spring Dell moved its main(prenominal) production to Poland which nub the account was lost. There are still some transactions but only occasionally. Below I would like to show the structure of KWE in a chart. The first chart pull up s entertains show the main offices and the second chart will give information of the Dublins branch. Now I would like to point out the countries which go under the supervision of the areas shown in the chart Americas Brazil, Canada, Mexico, USAAsia and Oceania Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, UAE, Vietnam. Europe and Africa Belgium, Czech, France, Ger many an(prenominal), Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland Russia, South Africa, Sweden, U.K., Switzerland. Japan is the head office, each country should report to the headquarters main office, and the headquarters main office reports to Japan. Dublin Office Chart As you can see it is a tall company, but lets start from the bottom. Each lag member should report to its supervisor, the supervisor reports to the part manager and the manager should report to the M.D. For Example I would report to Sandra White, she in her turn would report to sewer OShaugnessy and John should report to Thomas Weppelmann. In reality Thomas Weppelmann is responsible for more than just Dublin office. It means if the issue is non very big it will be resolved within the company, but if a decision has to be made like who to make redundant than Thomas Weppelmann will have to take part in the final decision, b ut still the opinion of John OShaugnessy is essential here as he spends more time with his round and he knows everyones performance abilities. As already said the company is a freight forwarding agent. Its job is to safely transport goods from point A to point B, with the help of haulers, shipping lines or air hoses. Sales Department Manager Karl OReilly Mark Fuller and Josephine Kill under his supervision. The aim of the department is to sell the companys product, which is service. They are a diverseness of companys advertisers. It is as well under their responsibility to give price quotes to any customer inquiring a service to any destination of the world. Sales department is the start point of any commitment. They should know 1. What kind of cargo2. Where is it overtaking to? 3. Dimensions and weight of goods4. When the goods can be ready for transportation?5. What is the desired date of transportation? And many more, the reason I say many more is because each customer and each type of cargo is different in its way. It can be littler or bigger, it might be pressing on normal, it whitethorn go to different destinations and so on, it can be different types of goods and so on. The sales department goal is to give customer an impression that we are the only company in the country who can provide the showyest, the safest and the best service off all. The information they give to the potential customer should be as accurate as possible, in order to avoid any issues later down the line. Imports Department Eamonn Grogan and David Howell are responsible for Air Imports, the aim of these two people is to proceed the imported cargo as per governing body rules and regulations and to make sure that nothing bad happens to the cargo from the moment it arrives into Dublin and until the moment it is delivered to the final destination. They should make sure that the information they fill in the customs docs should be 100% correct, because any wrong steps or wrong in formation can lead to big fines for the company. Paul Byrne is dealing with DHL account, his job is to watch after road exports and imports. Sarahs job is to look after sea imports and exports. She should be aware of the timetable of the ships and feeder vessels she should daily check if the ships with different containers arrived into the transit port and left it as pre the time timetable. On the import side the procedure is pretty much the same as air imports, all the goods should be customs cleared and delivery organized unless customer wants different. Exports Department Sandra White, Joanne Howe and myself, responsible for air exports. Responsibilities include negotiating the prices with the airlines, checking the post flights on daily basis, organizing pickups and deliveries to airport. I was working in the Air Exports Department. I personally was responsible for some of the imports and accounts jobs as when I joined the company there wasnt too much job in the exports departm ent and people from other departments used to give me staff to do. In familiar my main responsibility was checking the post flights in the mornings, than I was preparing the airway bills for that days shipments arranging collections, customs clearance for the shipments. My duties also included Cass Reports twice a calendar month they are bills from the airlines which have to be checked if the amounts to be paid match the amounts on the bills, reports for customers, earlier mentioned Astellas account is one of the customers who require weekly and monthly reports of the shipments KWE trade for them it was also one of my responsibilities.Accounts department Sylvia Smith is the H.R. representative but geographically she is part of the accounts department, and her job is closely related to accounts. She is responsible for payroll. Her duties include to staff and wreak the organization. Nicolla Uzell and Michelle Boylan are responsible for the accounts of the company. I think this de partments duties dont have to be explained. Avril Reilly receptionist, she is the first person anyone speaks to on the phone. She has to sort the post, make sure that no unattended people are on the territory of the company. Warehouse Mickael Tallon ahs 3 people under his supervision, their duties include packaging the goods for exports, delivering cargo and documents to the airport. Collecting cargo from the customers, delivering imported cargo to the customer, labeling the shipments with the indite stickers. That is pretty much the structure of the KWE and the explanation of the different departments duties. 4.2 Internal bias on organization. Tangible assets these are the things which can be touched we can also call it touchable furniture, transport, equipment, it system. Furniture is the one of the assets KWE has which belongs strictly to the company as well as transport (Kintetsu Dublin owns one company car which is primarily used by the manager but it can be also used by any member of the staff unless they dont possess a full-of-the-moon driving license), Also KWE owns a 20ft container truck which is used on the daily basis for collections and deliveries of the cargo. Equipment is a property owned by KWE, it includes copy machines, printers, fax machines, computers, a fork lift in the warehouse. IT system is another tangible asset the company owns. It belongs wholly to KWE and cannot be used by any other company. intangible asset assetsThe difference from the tangible assets is that intangible assets cannot be physically touched but it doesnt mean that its value is less than of those tangible ones. Intangible values of the KWE are name, intellectual property. KWE name is a well known brand in the freight forwarding business circle. KWE is in the first ten biggest and known freight forwarding companies of the world. KWE has a good service reputation, and a good relationship with its customers built during many years with the help of the services provid ed. Intellectual property is one of the strongest assets of KWE. closely of the people working for the company have many years of experience working in the business, which is supported by completing different courses from time to time, which gives staff the ability to be up to date with any innovations. Capabilities It is the ability of the company, its staff to achieve the objectives, which lid to the achievement of the mission. What KWE able is of each department has an objective which is to gain as many customers as possible, and customers are money profit. But how strong are the capabilities of the company to achieve. What KWE are well capable for is to keep the existing customers, of course it gained a few new ones in the last period of time but only a few not because they are not capable to, because of the already mentioned economical crisis.Value image analysis Is one of the tools we can use to see the companys steps taken for creating the greatest possible value for its customers. It shows how the product of a company looks from its infinitive conditions and step by step it becomes a finished product which is a value for customers, who are ready to use it only in its final, result condition. In KWE it is the service they provide. But the customer is not interested and some of them dont even know what is used to provide the service they require. Value chain is a chain of procedures, and action taken which are applied in any organization. It includes Inbound logistics trading operationsOutbound LogisticsMarketing and salesServiceI would like to demonstrate this chain in a real example. I will describe a day of work dealing with a peculiar(prenominal) customer in exports department. Inbound Logistics 1. 10 am a call received from a ones off customer by our sales department for an urgent shipment to Japan. customer needs a quote. 2. Sales get the information required in order to proceed the quote. 3. Sales let know the air exports department about a potential shipment to Japan and the information about the goods, dimensions and weight in order for the exports department to book a collection. 4. If the shipment was going let say to Canada than sales would have to contact different airlines for a quote, but because KWE have a daily consol going to Narita and Osaka in Japan they know how much it will cost the company for that particular shipment. All sales do is add up collection fee different airline fees, security if applies VAT and give the customer an estimated time of arrival of the shipment to the final destination and the get price. If customer agrees to the price the first part is done. Customer cannot refuse to go ahead because of the ETA estimated time of arrival, because any other airline can give whether later arrival time or the same one, the excerpt here is not a major one. There are only 2 airlines flying directly to Japan from London, none from Dublin. The inbound logistics part is done. Operations After shipmen ts arrival into KWE warehouse it has to be repacked (usually put on a pallette and wrapped with plastic cover to avoid any loss of the cuffes from the pallet or water damage and so on.) A sticker with correct ref number matching the reference on the documents has to be labeled to the box now the shipment is ready to be loaded on the truck to go the port and connect Ulysses vessel to London. Outbound Logistics It is the main process of the transportation. following(a) morning exports department have to ring Japan airlines in order to see if cargo managed to get to their warehouse for the cut off time to go on the plane. If so we can advice our customer, if requested, that the shipment is in London as scheduled and should arrive Osaka next morning. Marketing and Sales As you can see the sales department did its job in the very start of this operation. And in this particular case all they can do is to send a thank you for using our company service and a kind of advertising to this n ew customer who whitethorn appear to be not just a at once off one. Advertisement can include the information of thee services KWE provides and letting the customer know about different destinations and our availability anytime with mobile all the details included and company mobile numbers. Service Is the final result. The cargo arrival to the final destination point. It is in time as promised. All safe without any damage, this is where the value to our product is added in the eyes of the customer. And trust me this customer will advice our services to its friend, and thats how KWE becomes a brand name.The main winning point for any business is TIME. A company cannot become famous in 1-2 months time from the moment it opened. 4.3 External influence on organization. Marketing Environment consists of the macro and micro-environment. The macro-environment includes large affable forces that affect micro-environment, and usually cant be controlled by the company. It is an external s tructure which includes the following PoliticalEconomical Opportunities and ThreadsSocial PEST and Porter pentad Forces Technology Natural And micro-environment consists of forces that are under control of the company. Micro-environment influences the ability of the company in producing a required service to its customers. It is an internecine structure which includes the following Suppliers Customers political party Strengths and Weaknesses Marketing intermediaries Publics PEST analysis.Quite practically someone who starts a business doesnt realize how important environmental factors for an organization are. I mean the country a certain business will be started in. It is very important for a new business owner to understand and to be aware of the political, social, economical and technological factors of the country the business is going to work in. A PEST analysis is one of those tools that help to understand the external environment of the organization. P Political S Social E Economical T TechnologyPolitical factors Can have a direct impact on the way a company ope evaluate. This factor does not depend on internal work of the company. Only decisions made by government affect the operations. Political factors include such areas asv What is government policy on the cargo transportation? v Labor Law v Government Stability a) There is a fair play referring to imported and exported goods in Ireland. This would include goods imported or exported to or out of Ireland have to be customs cleared all goods have to be tell on the paperwork, airway bills or bill of ladings. There is a law referring the goods for resale or personal effects goods. There is a law concerning import or export of medical goods and many other laws and regulations which strictly have to be obeyed by the transportation agents. b) Labor law can influence a companys performance a lot. Ages ago people could work 24 hours a day and for very cheap pay, nowadays people cannot work more than 4 hours without a brake of 1 hour and no more than 8 hours a day. Total hours worked in a week should be no more than 40 hours. Min pay per hour has been implemented. During my employment in KWE I noticed that the rules and labor law regulations were followed as per law, every employee has been given a copy of the KWE handbook where everyone could see a detailed description of the companys policy and entitlements procedures c) All the factors included above depend on how stable the government is. Any of the above can be easily changed due to government change or government instability. Government changes or coming of the new political parties can influence the organizations total figures. Business owners feel better to move the business to a country with growing miserliness rather than keep it in Ireland, where miserliness is down at present. Poland for example, labor is cheaper, government taxes are lower. Transportation laws are softer. This foll ows with loss of clients for KWE. Economical FactorsAll types of organizations are affected by economical factors locally and globally. It doesnt matter if the economy is in a boom, recession or recovery all these affect consumer confidence and behavior. Economical factors affect the purchasing power of potential buyers. It also influences the internal and external economy. Economical factors includev Exchange Ratesv Economic downturnv The level of inflationv VAT ratea) Interest place influence the company sometimes positively, but sometimes negatively. Because KWE deals with customers and agents all over the world, invoices the company gets are in different currencies, so the transposition rates which are in place of the payment day can influence the amount to be transferred for payment in foreign currency. Quite often payments are queried because of the exchange rate changing every day. b) The present economical crisis negatively influences not only KWE but the general business structure of Ireland. stack get redundant, companies lose experienced staff. A team which is used to perfectly fulfill its duties when everyone is in, looses the ability to do it in case of some people (not just one) of the team are not present. Performance of the companies is down, because not a full team works in the operations department. c) Level of inflation if it lows down than the customers are not very confident in using a service or buying a good. Social FactorSocial factor include the demographic changes of the country and of the world. KWE is a company who has offices all over the world so not only local demographics affect the business. These factors affect customers needs and surface of potential markets. Information about demographical situation in Ireland can be found on the website www.cso.ie . Social factors includev How are views expressed? v Age v Career attitudesTechnological factors.Technological factors are very important tools for an organization. Up to date technology can change the level of production, can improve peoples work performance and can change internal environment of an organization. Technological factor includesv Impact of the internet v Softwarev Online Customs Clearance Internet is one of the most powerful technology inventions which were ever created. It helps people instantly send and receive information to and from agents, customers, suppliers and so on. Software- used in KWE for printing the documents for cargo and invoices was an old one, just before I left the company people started to be trained to use a new software which was easier to use, more friendly and could save time to staff because of the features and benefits it had and the old system didnt. Online Customs a few years ago I order to customs clear exported or imported goods the staff of the company were fill in all the customs declaration attach the documents for the shipment and physically go to the customs office and hand everything in. it was taking hours but sometimes days to customs clear the cargo. It was a fuss for more people you can sound off transportation agent, customer, customers customerand so on. After that an online system was brought to life to customs clear the goods. It saved people time increased the shipments, increased performance and increased the benefit for customs office (which is regulated by the government), and for freight forwarding agents. From this analysis we can see how the PEST analysis can change the performance and may be predicting the near future of an organization even though a PEST as we know is an external factor which doesnt depend of the companys strategic. The most important of all four factors of PEST for KWE are the PET. We can see that technology had a huge impact on the company and freight forwarding business itself economical factors like exchange rates have permanent influence different laws and regulation like the goods imported within EU are going under T1 status which means they dont need to be customs cleared and it eases the procedure and makes it cheaper as no customs charges apply. It was said that on tomorrows budget run into 09-12-09 the government wants to bring the VAT up, which will hit the customers and KWE even more, negatively. It will work out better for companies to buy the goods they need across the border in England as the VAT is much lower there. Porter Five PortersThis model was invented by Michael E. Porter he wrote a book called Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Since then, people use this structure for analyzing a companys industry structure and its corporate strategy. Porter described five forces that shape every single industry and market. These forces help us to analyze everything from the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The structure below Threat of substitute. 1. The time is wrong (economy is low). Bad time for any industry to be started right now. 2. This type of industry might need a much bigger capital to start the company than a local shop for example.3. A lot of companies producing the goods for exports move out of Ireland to cheaper countries in Europe or Asia. (Dell moved to Poland, Xilinx-who were one of the biggest customers of KWE for nearly 10 years, moved to Asia) Cheaper countries means cheap labor, cheap government taxes, VAT on imported goods and so on. Threat of new entrants. 1. If we look to substitute service KWE is providing than rivalry is quite high. There tens of companies at present competing for business in freight forwarding domain who can offer better service or rates. Due to high number of competitors with the same strategies and a lot of them being the same size the mission of KWE and many other organization in that industry is to just stay in for the moment until things pick up. ply of Supplier. Suppliers just like KWE are not in a very strong position at present. KWE can chose from ma ny different suppliers and negotiate the rates to KWEs advantage. From many years of working in Ireland KWE managed to set up accounts and to build a business relation with many different suppliers, so at present if they move from one to another it wont be a totally new one which means there will be no displacement cost involved. Switching doesnt affect KWE it only affects the airlines, trucking companies or feeder vessels.Power of buyer. This is exactly who is in a winning position at the moment. If we look at it, it can be whether KWE or their customers in this position. Customers now win as they buy cheap transportation of cargo worldwide. KWE wins as well as it buys cheap service from its supplier another side of it is that KWE have sell thing they for very cheap as well, so the profit they make at present is minimum. Competitive rivalry of freight forwarding business. Conclusion from the point of view of new entrants into the business rivalry is minimum and from the point of v iew that customers may move to a substitute supplier, rivalry is maximum. Competitive rivalry is high for KWE at present. So we cannot say for definite now that there is someone in a winning position in the present economical crises. Product can be easily substituted, suppliers can be easily substituted, each of them buys cheap and sells cheap. The only definite winner is the final consumer like us who doesnt buy imported goods for resale. The prices in Ireland on different products decreased a lot. The only problem is that the final consumer doesnt have the ability to buy as the income of people is very low and even worse people lose their jobs. 4.4 Internal and External influence on organization SWOT analysis Strengths v Staffv signalizev Experience v Global coveragev keen-sighted term contracts with suppliers v Consolidation Weaknesses v Price of Services v Large number of playersv Staff v Overseas agents. Opportunitiesv funding v New Servicesv Staff training v Technology inve stmentsThreats v Economyv Falling Salesv silver FlowInternal analysis Strengths of KWE Kintetsu World ExpressStaff is one of the most important strengths of the company. A well trained and experienced staff is companys biggest advantage. Name KWE is a well known, recognized name in freight forwarding business area. Companies who supply different types of goods worldwide are well familiar with KWE as a freight forwarding company. Experience Many years worked in freight forwarding area gives the company an advantage. Global Coverage KWE provides services into main and secondary destinations worldwide. It can deliver any type of goods into most cities in the world. Long terms contracts with suppliers gives KWE the opportunity to offer its customers competitive rates as the rates they have with their suppliers are based on long term relationship. Weaknesses of KWE Kintetsu World Express Prices of Services Air freight for example, some competitors might have their own planes flyi ng to different destinations worldwide (ex. DHL) of course no matter how low the rates are DHL offers to KWE they can steel offer cheaper transportation to the customers and KWEs rates are going to be higher in comparison. Large number of players a lot of competitors in freight forwarding business quite a big number of which might offer better rates and bigger service Staff as well as staff can be a strength it can also be a weakness. Some workers are not very competent in doing their job some are not team players which is very important in an organization. It gives birth to a weak operating performance. External analysis.Opportunities of KWE Kintetsu World Express Funding Investments could help the company in present economical crisis to gain new customers. Example Invest in companys transport trucks 40 foot containers could help offer customers cheaper transportation charges on road freight.New Services could gain new customers or provide new business for existing customers. Threats of KWE Kintetsu World ExpressEconomy is one of the external factors of macro-environment. As said before it doesnt depend on the companys strategy. This is exactly what happens in the current economical environment, when economy negatively influences the business. People losing jobs, sales drop, annual profit targets divulge to be reached and so on. Falling Sales this is also what is happening at present due to economical crisis. But it can also happen when economy rises, depending on the companys marketing management. How good are the strategies of the company, and how efficient are they for the org

Causes of Job Turnovers and Staff Retention Issues

Causes of Job Turnovers and Staff Retention IssuesSTAFF RETENTIONINTRODUCTIONStaff turnover has flex the norm today in the manufacturing, service and merchandising / production industry. Employees are moving from ace form of troth to another because of several factors that the employers have not yet grasped. In this regard umpteen industry players are busy defining ways to protect turnover of its employees. The most affected part of this is the merchandising industry. In the bid to prove muscle in the fastest fireing industry executives in the merchandising industry are fighting hard the utmost trend of their cater consistently changing telephone lines (Omondi 2). Today generating an atmosphere favorable and valued by all employees in the ever changing employee market may not be as pain-streaking as it may appear to the larger population. It engages a number of issues may make the brilliant minds that make up your modules command to stay in the organization. A combinati on of this contribution may eventually exsert to prouder number of employees and thus reduce turnover. The contributions made above control that they be performed in tandem for observable achieve manpowert to be achieved. Grasping the skill of staff retentivity rents that management delve deeply into what causes turnover of staff in institutions. Many questions should be put on the table in shape to ascertain reasons why one would want to move in one organization and not prefer to work in another organization. The managements should not rest at that but proceed to look into the ac unioning period that the employee has been thoughtless into an organization. By asking these questions it is easy to discern that there are a lot of issues that have been left wanting for a long time. i square off it easy to look at this issues by sympathizing with the employee and trying to assume his shoes at the company. This in real meaning contracts doing proper question on received ethi cal models that might be brought on board to encourage retention of employees. In the re centime past the employers apply to retain employees. The confidence thus gained goes pull down well with those in the precincts of work thus offering them inclination and presence. Boosting the moral of workers is one way of improving confidence of staff. In this regard even the world(a) productivity of the company of the company can be noticed. Working closely and collectively in addition grants the staff presence. Al in all its honorable a matter of saying thank you as morality demands.There are different styles of leadership in institutions that bend how relationships in the work array take place. People in leadership roles should be in the fore front in show wing proper codes of dish out to their employees, as opposed totaking the hind seat. In turn the employees may feel very motivated within the working environments that they are working. This enabling environment will thus lead to a sense of belonging by the somebodys and cohesiveness thus leading to aggroup upwork translating into a proud group. For one to retain staff he or she has to work out several important issues of the work place.BACKGROUNDDraper Co. Ltd. Found in 1987 is a sweater manufacturer that employs more than 100 people in Hong Kong. Since garment companies had bloomed in recent years. The role for merchandising people become more difficult and the manpower is short in the labor market. Draper is facing the problem of high staff turnover rate. In addition, with opening of the mainland market. Many foreign enterprises had set up their merchandising percentages in Hong Kong and some enterprises overly invite Hong Kong garment companies to cope with their expanding business. As a result, the line of products vacancies of trade inrs increased tremendously. Among the merchandising industry, garment sections are highest in demand for merchandisers. This is due to the fast growing of the areas as well as the high employee turnover rate and the lack of talent in the labour market. With the tendency of identifying predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to leave or stay with the company will be the major(ip) issue of Draper Co. Ltd.1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMSInitially, the establishment of the project required the involvement of different parties who would provide entropy and statistical analysis. The claim required involvement of external organizations which would require them to allow access their staff to cooperate during the course of the look. Unfortunately some of these merchants turned down request to take part a little subsequently the project was already initialized, it was quite unfortunate. The squad of researchers contacted several nationwide merchandise groups to request them to take part in the research as a subsequent measure. Within a short period of time, twain particular merchandisers articulated formal concern and primarily arrange d to play a part in the project but with the approval of the Board of Governors of their respectful organisations. The team of researchers used up considerable hours ensureing with a variety of the team of people representing the merchandisers and liberal important information related to the research and showing presentations that highlight the scope of the study. An agreement was made with these merchandisers that the research panel would conduct industry job and staff retention survey within the merchandise organization, rather than concentrating on organizational loop holes as it would imply that there are indeed loop holes, in their respective organisations which might not be the truly case. However because of various unpredicted situations including the falling ill of one of the team members who acted as coordinator of the research team and these respectful merchandisers, the merchandisers in the end made the decision to withdraw its cooperation, leaving operation of the rese arch between a rock a rock and a hard place. The research team thus informed the Draper Co. Ltd of the current problems and suggesting a different research method design that would still be in run aims of the project and the objectives outlined before the research was initially flagged off. In this respect, a decision was made to advertise across various merchandise outlets to secure respective(prenominal) people working as merchandisers to act as respondents from different retail outlets, thus eliminating the process of approaching company heads or Board of Governors for endorsement to endorsement a speedy and effortless contact with respondents. The Draper Co. Ltd was highly involved in endorsing the submission for change in the approach for the research. The research carried out by the team concern conducting 100 partially controlled telephone interviews with with merchandisers from different merchandising firms including own staff at Draper Co. Ltd . The research method des ign of the survey was cautiously designed and conversant with preceding works that dwelled on employee equality and diversity concerns all over the work evironment (e.g. Sutherland and Davidson, 1997). The design of the interviews was such that it could be in accordance with the aims and check objectives of the Draper Co. Ltd and eventually deal with a array of concerns as well as the recognition of possible occupational improvement barriers and the recognition of approaches for conquering these limitations, chances for education and training, job promotions and provision for leadership. The partially controlled interview timetable was then stored in secure modules and safe websites secured with passwords, which eventually made it easy for members of the research panel to enter information flat into the research entropybase and online pages, and at the same time carrying out interviews with respondents all over the merchandising industry. The details of the research methodology a nd what will be contained in the record for the is described in the subsequent sections.RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThis study was led by a research team commissioned by the Draper Co. Ltd. The research team was selected by the management of the company with advise by the legal advise wing experts. It was agreed that 16 members be brought aboard the the team of researchers. The main goal of identifying predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to leave or stay with the company will be the major issue of Draper Co. Ltd.The aims of the project were as followsTo examine two sets of potential causes of job turnovers and eventual staff retention mechanisms firstly, those that impede the retention of workers in the organization and secondly, those that speeds the exit of the players from the organizations.Identify strategies for overcoming these barriersInvestigate the feasibility of constructing a national infobase, documenting the occupational group paths of women in the merchandi se industryDevelop, publish and disseminate good practice guidelines and recommendations using reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press.The objectives of the project were toInvestigate two sets of potential reasons for staff leaving the company firstly, those that accelerate the exit of workers and merchandisers and secondly, those that impede the efforts of retaining staff in the organization.Identify strategies for overcoming these reasons.Investigate the feasibility of constructing a national database, documenting the career paths of workers in the merchandise industry.Develop, publish and disseminate good practice guidelines and recommendations using reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press.RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhy this company has high staff turnover rateWhy staff relationship will make new comer difficult to fit in team workWhat relationship caused high staff turnover rateHow to retain staff in this companyDoes the management policy affect staff retentionDoes the company is responsive to employees needs and wantsDoes companys reputation retain staffRESEARCH METHOD3. investigate mannerologyHaving discussed the complexity of the retail industry and the related literature, the pursual chapter attempts to identify and describe the research design and sampling type. After which, the chosen research method will be introduce and how the collected data is macrocosm tabulated will be discuss. In addition, the hypotheses of this study will be derived at the later part of this chapter.3.1 Research DesignResearch design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a particularized research project. It is a detailed blueprint used to guide the implementation of a research study towards the realization of its objectives (Wong, 1999).According to many originators (Churchill, 1999 Wong, 1999 and Zikmund, 2000 ), there are three types of research design, namely the exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research.Exploratory research is known to be the best suited for situations that have comparatively little or nothing known round the study. The essence of this research design is to focus on two main ingredients listening and discovering, in order to provide a great understanding of a concept (Wong, 1999) and to clarify and define the nature of a problem (Zikmund, 2000).These fountains also pointed out that exploratory research can be conducted with four approaches which are literature search, experience survey, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. These open-ended, flexible and interactive qualitative approaches help to formulate problems more precisely but not providing accurate statistical information.Descriptive research aims a describing the characteristics of the population under the study such as the behaviours of consumers. It is primarily concerned wit h the gathering of numeric, measurable data and it is recommended when the research decide is centered on providing accurate, statistically reliable data. Descriptive research is creation broken down into some(prenominal) longitudinal and cross-sectional studies (Zikmund, 2000 and Wong, 1999). Longitudinal studies involve panels (Churchill, 1991) and provide standards at successive points of time of an event. On the other hand, beingness the most common and familiar (Churchill, 1991), cross-sectional studies describe an event at one particular point of time and it is useful in facilitating comparisons between different population subgroups (Wong, 1999).Finally, causal research is to research and establish a cause-and-effect relationship, if any, between variables through laboratory and/or field experiments (Wong, 1999, p58).Cross-sectional study was chosen for this study. This is because cross-sectional study relies on a specimen of elements from the population of interest t hat are measured at a single point in time (Churchill, 1999) and it can at best yield measurement data (Wong, 1999, p. 57). Hence, this research design suit in this study because it attempted to measure how consumers make decision.3.2 Sampling DesignWong (1999, p.54) pointed out that descriptive research requires a reasonably large number of respondents (i.e., sample size) to supply the required information.Although it is recognized that a convenience sample is not always truly representative of the population, the author of this study had decided to adopt this method due to time restraints. The author adopted convenience sampling of non-probability sampling as it aids convenience and ability and also generates a large number of sample sizes. This is because it involves the selection of people who are most conveniently available to the interviewer (Wong, 1999).Due to time constraint, the gathering of responses for this study would be greatly base on convenience. Convenience gatheri ng of responses and ability to contact the respondents (if necessary), has allowed the author of this study to choose both Marketing Institute of Singapores (MIS) irregular and full-time students as the main target respondents. In addition, friends, colleagues and family members of both the respondents and the author would be approached as well.3.3 Data Collection for this StudyAccording to Wong (1999), marketing data may be classified into two basic types indigenous data and secondary data. primary winding data refer to those collectedto meet the specific research needs at hand. Secondary data on the other hand, refer to existing information which has previously been collected and reported by some individual or organization, and which are other than the research problem at hand. Thus the distinction between primary and secondary data lies in the original purpose of data collection.3.3.1 Secondary ResearchSecondary data is an essential element of almost all research carried out. According to Churchill (1999, p. 253) secondary data possess evidentiary cost and time advantages. This is because, the existence of secondary data can in many instances dismiss the need for potentially expensive and time-consuming field work as secondary data exists aplenty from internal and external data sources (Wong, 1999).Apart from time-saving and cost economics, secondary data is less subject to intentional bias. Also as certain types of information may be impractically or virtually impossible to gather through data approach, secondary data are the only option (Wong, 1999). Therefore, secondary data enable this study to bar biasness that might be made unintentionally by the author during the development of the hypotheses. Hence in this study, journals from electronic databases such as Emerald and Ebsco were reviewed to aid the development of the study. The use of journals was to serve as a basis to draw the hypotheses of this study.However, Wong (1999) pointed out that one of the disadvantages of secondary data is that it became out-of-date easily in an ever-changing environment, and often, there were differences in classification or measurement as well as lack of accuracy. The above appeared true to the author as some of the journals being reviewed appeared to be outdated and inaccurate due to different areas of focus.The author also found that there was limited access to many online research websites and the availability of journals on store atmosphere in the retail context was also limited. Therefore both the retail and service context were being reviewed in the process.With the difficulties mentioned above, it was anticipated that the secondary research found would not be sufficient to fulfill the objectives of this study. As mentioned by Churchill (1999), when problem is not yet determined with secondary data, the researcher should proceed to primary data. Therefore, the author of the study moved on to gather primary data for the completion of this study.3.3.2 Primary ResearchPrimary data prove its importance when the required information for marketing research/evaluation may not be available from secondary data sources. For the purpose of this study, the author had decided to use quantitative research. This is because, according to Wong (1999, p.110), quantitative research is used when the primary objective is to derive numeric or quantifiable data which is statistically accurate and reliable. Quantitativeresearch is also recommended when there exists a need for accurate numeric data.Due to time constraint, the author decided to avoid open-ended questions and adopt close-ended questions on the questionnaire. This is because, close-ended questions are easily administered by an unskilled interviewer compared to open-ended questions and it is also much easier and faster for statistical data tabulation and data comparison. In addition, the checklist of responses in the questionnaire helps reduce difficulty in memory-recall that respondent might encounter in responding open-ended question (Wong, 1999). On the other hand, the checklist of responses may not be as comprehensive and alternate responses that appear in the checklist may create position bias, which will cause the respondent to be unable to freely express him or herself, and often detailed information is being missed (Wong, 1999, p.138).3.3.3 Questionnaire DevelopmentThe questionnaire used for this study consists of three sections, namely demographics, Closed-ended questions (Dichotomous questions Multiple-choice questions) and Scaling questions (Agree- disagree questions). member A served to gather data on respondents personal particular such as gender, age group, highest education take attained, occupation and monthly Income level.Section B aimed to gather data on respondents view towards the impact of store atmosphere on consumers emotions, purchase and repatronage behaviour. It will determine to what extent to each one atmospheric eleme nts influence respondents modality and purchasing behaviour. Five-point Likert-scale statement (1=Strongly Disagree and 5=Strongly Agree) was being used to allow respondents to rank and identify the degree of influence of each of the atmospheric elements. Responses were also sought regarding consumers patronage behaviour.3.3.4 Pre-testingThe objective of pre-testing is to ensure that the questionnaire used in this study is easily understood and not misinterpreted by the respondents. There should also be minimal possible difficulties faced by respondents in answering the questionnaire. For the reliability of this study, pre-testing is vital to ensure the accuracy of the data collected.The questionnaire was pre-tested via a small-scale polisher test with 5 respondents and subsequent changes were made. The author sent the questionnaire via email to the 5 respondents and they where asked to attempt the questionnaire and provide comments and feedbacks. After gathering the feedbacks and comments, the questionnaire was being modified and refined to meet the objectives of this study.In order to improve the clarity of the questionnaire, redevelopment of the questionnaire was required. The author had to refine the section A and rephrase some misleading questions in Section B. some questions that werebeing duplicated and confusing to the respondents were omitted. New questions were also developed and integrated into the questionnaire to achieve the objective of the study.3.3.5 Final Data Collection After redeveloping the questionnaire, the new questionnaire (appendix ) was ready for the certain distribution and data collection. The questionnaire was being distributed both online and offline to MIS part-time and full-time students as well as their friends, colleagues and family members.Naturally, offline respondents are more responsive to the completion of the questionnaire. This is because they tend to sail through the questionnaire the moment they receive it and re turn to the author right after completion.Although online distributions of the questionnaire enable wider participation and easier distribution, it is commonly view as spam mails and ignored by receivers. Therefore, there were a total of 49 responses from offline distribution and 39online responses which resulted in a total of 85 responses that served as primary data for this study.3.3.6 Data Analysis MethodSPSS 13.0 version was being used for data analysis in this study. The author made use of one sample T-test, paired sample T-test, chi-square and correlation to conduct testing of the hypotheses.The statements used to measure the variables were assessed on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree with numerical value of one being strongly disagree and five being strongly agree.3.4 HypothesesA surmisal is a statement that specifies how two or more measurable variables are related. A good hypothesis carries clear implications for testing stated re lationships, (Churchill, 1999, p.101). As stated, for this study, it was important to measure the impact of the influence of the atmospheric elements of a store on consumers mood and behaviour. Hence, the following hypotheses were derived for this study. base upon the theories reviewed, it is hypothesized thatMoodH1a Colours has a significant influence on consumers mood in the storeH1b Lighting have a significant effect on consumers mood of the storeH1c Music has a significant effect on consumers mood of the storeH1d Scent has a significant influence on consumers mood of the storeH2 Mood is positively influencing consumers length of stay in a storeSpontaneous PurchaseH3a Consumers will have a more aureate attitude toward merchandise with the effects of store atmospheresH3b Effects of store atmospherics on merchandise is positively influencing spontaneous purchase in the storeH4 Income level is influencing spontaneous purchase that is caused by store atmosphericsRepatronage Intentio nH5 Consumers will exhibit greater degree of patronage intention when the store atmosphere appeals to themH6 Gender, time and Education level influence consumers evaluation of stores imageThe responses gathered from the questionnaire were then entered into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis.3.5 Summary of Chapter 3Secondary data such as journals and textbooks were being reviewed before conducting the actual primary research. This was to allow the author to further understand the review on Store Atmospherics, mood and repatronage behaviour before developing the questionnaire for primary data collection and to develop the hypotheses of this study. A total of 89 responses were collected via online and offline distribution to enter into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis.Conclusive Research DesignDescriptive ResearchMethodData Analysis is quantitativeSecondary data surveyQuestionnaire slewData CollectionSurvey analysis by launched an Employee Workplace Survey to gather data that would identity why do employees stay/leave the company?Identifying factors influencing retention to gather data from across the employee population of the company.TERMINOLOGIESDISSERTATION OUTLINESChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThis Section looks at the main literature in this area. The first sections focus on the structure of merchandising and the broader profile of the sector. The section then moves on to its main concern which is the job retention of merchandisers at junior and senior levels in merchandise. Merchandising is an economic sector, which has traditionally been associated with the employment of merchandisers. Overall, 60% of low skilled employees are merchandisers and 40% are skilled. Whilst these figures show that the merchandise sector clearly employs a larger number of low skilled than the skilled, it is not a balanced industry (Skillsmart, 2006). The representation of low skill workers in the merchandise sector however, follows a number of important patterns . Official statistics are used to highlight the predominance of merchandisers in part time work in the merchandise sector and the under representation of merchandisers at senior levels. According to Skillsmart, (2006), semiofficial figures are general and are unlikely to provide a clear understanding of the dynamics relating to the position in which merchandisers are utilise in merchandise sector. The following sections therefore outline theories that have been offered to account for these gender disparities, particularly in relation to barriers for merchandisers attempting to progress into senior management positions. An examination of managing diversity is then offered and potential mechanisms for ensuring merchandise organisations fully utilise the talents of all employees to maximise productivity is discussed.2.2 The structure of the merchandise sectorThe merchandise sector is the largest private sector employer in the Hong Kong yet it is rarely recognized as such. Skill smart (a not for profit organisation, set up and part funded by Government to identify and call up the skills needs of the Hong Kong merchandise sector), suggest that this is, possibly because its workforce is not concentrated in any particular region or locality. In fact, the merchandise sector is the largest public sector employer in the Hong Kong. Furthermore, Wang XI Inc is the Hong Kongs second largest employer after the Jubilee (Skillsmart, 2004). Overall, the merchandise sector employs three million people throughout the Hong Kong, which accounts for approximately ten per cent of employment throughout the Hong Kong. However, the structure of the industry is unusual, and is described bySkillsmart, as hourglass shaped. The overwhelming majority (95%) work in firms with less than ten employees. Consequently, there is significantly less (just over two hundred) merchandise employers with more than fifty staff, reflecting the hourglass shape of the industry profile.2.3 Present profile of turnover of employeesEmployment expectations have risen meagerly in (Q1) from an already high level in Q4. Of the 514 executives surveyed, 54% expect to increase their hiring which is slightly up from 53% the previous.Year-on-year, expectations have remainedsteady. The 54% planning to grow headcount this year is at the same level as Q1 2006, though there are some variations between the sectors surveyed. Companies are extremely confident about how they will perform in the next six months with 95% of respondents forecasting their companys performance to be excellent or good in the first half(a) of 2007. Respondents in Hong Kong report higher levels of staff turnover than in any other market surveyed in Asia with 37% stating that turnover in thelast dozen months has exceeded 10% (Hudson, 2007).Hudson, one of the worlds leading professional recruitment, outsourcing and talent management solution providers, today released findings of its comprehensive quarterly Hudson Report for A sia. With a reputation as a key socio-economic indicator in the current marketplace since its Asia launch in December 1998, the survey has been built on the premise that employers expectations of an increaseor pass in staffing levels represent a significant indication of their optimism in the growth of their organisation and their industry as a whole. The Hudson Report represents the expectations of over 2,200 key employment decision makers from multinational organisations of all sizes in all major industry sectors, with 514 of these executives based in Hong Kong.2.4 The general profile of employees in the merchandise sectortraditionally the merchandise sector is associated with the employment of low level and unskilled workers, the vast majority of whom work in the lower ranks of the organizational hierarchy. The profile of employees in merchandise also follows a number of other patterns. The merchandise sector for example employs a large proportion of young people. According to r ecent estimates 29% of those employed in the sector are between the ages of 16 to 24. This is compared to the overall economyfigure of 14%. It has been suggested that this figure may be due to the popularity of merchandise as a part-time occupation for young people and students (Skillsmart, 2006). Merchandise is also a popular choice for older workers (those over 55).In terms of pagan minority employment, the merchandise sector employs a similar proportion to those figures available nationally (Skillsmart, 2006). Recent research has shown however, that certain recruitment practices may prevent paganal minorities from gaining employment in merchandise organizations. For example a study for Birmingham and Manchester cities in Britain for example, found that employers might specify jobs as a matter of course that require the staff to work on Saturdays without realizing that a large pool of potential workers would be unable to work on this day as it is their Sabbath (Vector research, 2003).2.4 The trends common in the merchandise sectorMerchandise is an economic sector, which has traditionally been associated with theemployment of diverse people of different background. Overall, 55% of merchandise employees are women and 45% are men (Skillsmart, 2006). This gender factor in the merchandise sector remains fairly consistent throughout the nations and regions of the Hong Kong and this profile has been fairly consistent over the last 10 years. Skill level has also played a bigger part in influencing how long an employee is wiling to stay in a given organization. Better salaries in other organizations may lead to employees moving from their respective place of work in pursuit for better opportunities(Hudson, 2006). Level of qualification gives workers a broader spectrum of work opportunities that they lief take into considerations. Skillsmart (2006) suggest that Hong Kongs larger ethnic population is likely to be the source of this greater proportion of the workers in the capital run by ethnic minorities may proprietorship driven by highly skilled male people. It is important to note however, that the representation of retention in the merchandise sector follows a number of

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Es

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie In any Tennessee Williams play, nothing is as it seems. Everything represents more than itself. Williams fanciful use of symbols creates a drama that far exceeds the apparent or surface level. Williams himself admits that art is made out of symbols the way your body is made out of the springy tissue, and that symbols are nothing but the natural speech of drama . . . , the purest language of plays . . . Sometimes it would take page after tedious page of exposition to put crosswise an idea that could be said with an object or a gesture on the lighted stage (Demastes 174). The reader must engage not precisely what appears to be just a needed prop or dialogue, but also the reader has to project beyond the obvious to understand the full cushion of the symbols Williams uses. He controls every aspect of his plays by giving very precise stage directions. He is the god of his work. He directs every aspect as if he is afr aid to turn lose any control unless it becomes something else than he wills it to be. In The Glass Menagerie, Williams uses many symbols that cannot fully be retained by the reader in just one reading of the play. The Glass Menagerie is a play about a dysfunctional family during the 1930s and how they survive in their own military personnel of reality. Even the characters themselves are symbols of a deeper meaning for example, Amanda Wingfields name itself is revealing. Amanda contains the word man, and she has to play the role of the man and the woman of the house since the father deserted the family long ago. ending examination of the last name Wingfield gives the reader additional clues. The Wingfields are actually taking life as it comes to them, or, in... ...orks CitedDemastes, William D. Realism and the American Dramatic Tradition. Tuscaloosa, AL U of Alabama P, 1996.Kolin, Philip. Tennesse Williams A Guide to Research and Performance. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1998.Scanlan, Tom. Family, Drama, and American Dreams. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1978.Sievers, W. David. Freud on Broadway, A History of Psychoanalysis and the American Drama. New York Hermitage House, 1995.Weales, Gerald. Tennessee Williams 1914-. Contemporary literary Cristicism. 21 Vols. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski and Phyllis Carmel Mendelson.DetroitGale,1978.471.Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 1864-1908.Work ConsultedWilliams. Edwina Dakin. Remember Me to Tom. New York Putman, 1963.

Essay on Themes Pride and Prejudice: :: Pride Prejudice Essays

test on Themes Pride and Prejudice In this novel, the title describes the underlying theme to the book. Pride and prejudice were both influences on the characters and their relationships. Darcy alienated himself from the others at first because of his eager dress. His prejudice against the Bennets because of their poverty was also something that he would have to overcome. For Elizabeth, her prejudice against Darcy came from his snobbishness. It caused her to not see his feelings for her and to believe whatever Wickman said. Darcys fierce pride a good deal alienated him from others. For example, he acted so snobby and superior at the first ball with the Bennets that they were all turned off by him. His eventual have intercourse, Elizabeth, was disgusted at his behavior and make a prejudice against him. Even after he fell in love with her and proposed to Elizabeth, he completely debased her family. Darcy realized eventually that he was press release to have to ch ange. He tried to look at his behavior and analyze why he acted as he did. In the end, he fought his intense pride so that he and Elizabeth could be happy together. Prejudice was also an issue for Darcy in that he disliked Elizabeth in the beginning because of her belittled social status, poverty, and socially inept family. Darcy was forced to deal with his prejudice when he fell in love with Elizabeth. This was not easy for him to do but it was necessary. His snobbery was countered by his love for Elizabeth. In the end, he overcame his pride and gave in to his feelings by marrying her in spite of her and her familys shortcomings. Elizabeth had her own issues with prejudice with which to deal. Darcys cold arrogance and snobbery prejudice her from him from the beginning and it took Elizabeth a lot longer time to overcome her prejudices than it did Darcy. This was because Elizabeth was a very caring person and did not like the things that Darcy had said about her and her family. When condition the chance, Elizabeth loved to get word about how awful Darcy was, such as when she met Wickman, who was eager to slander Darcy.Essay on Themes Pride and Prejudice Pride Prejudice EssaysEssay on Themes Pride and Prejudice In this novel, the title describes the underlying theme to the book. Pride and prejudice were both influences on the characters and their relationships. Darcy alienated himself from the others at first because of his intense pride. His prejudice against the Bennets because of their poverty was also something that he would have to overcome. For Elizabeth, her prejudice against Darcy came from his snobbery. It caused her to not see his feelings for her and to believe whatever Wickman said. Darcys fierce pride often alienated him from others. For example, he acted so snobby and superior at the first ball with the Bennets that they were all turned off by him. His eventual love, Elizabeth, was disgusted at his behavior and fo rmed a prejudice against him. Even after he fell in love with her and proposed to Elizabeth, he completely debased her family. Darcy realized eventually that he was going to have to change. He tried to look at his behavior and analyze why he acted as he did. In the end, he fought his intense pride so that he and Elizabeth could be happy together. Prejudice was also an issue for Darcy in that he disliked Elizabeth in the beginning because of her low social status, poverty, and socially inept family. Darcy was forced to deal with his prejudice when he fell in love with Elizabeth. This was not easy for him to do but it was necessary. His snobbery was countered by his love for Elizabeth. In the end, he overcame his pride and gave in to his feelings by marrying her in spite of her and her familys shortcomings. Elizabeth had her own issues with prejudice with which to deal. Darcys cold arrogance and snobbery prejudiced her from him from the beginning and it took Elizabeth a lot longer time to overcome her prejudices than it did Darcy. This was because Elizabeth was a very caring person and did not like the things that Darcy had said about her and her family. When given the chance, Elizabeth loved to hear about how awful Darcy was, such as when she met Wickman, who was eager to slander Darcy.